Information On Dictionary Articles and News

Dictionary of National Biography

2007-11-16T02:59:00.000-08:00

The Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and online.

The first series

Seeking to emulate national biographical collections published in separate nations of Europe, in 1882 the publisher George Smith (1824–1901), of Smith, Elder & Co., planned a universal dictionary which would include biographical entries on individuals from world history. He approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine, owned by Smith, to become editor. Stephen persuaded Smith that the work should concentrate on subjects from the UK and its present and former colonies only. An early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the name of an earlier nineteenth-century reference work. The first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885. In May 1891, Leslie Stephen resigned the editorship. Sidney Lee, who had been Stephen's assistant editor from the beginning of the project, succeeded him as editor. A dedicated team of sub-editors and researchers worked under Stephen and Lee, combining a variety of talents from veteran journalists to young scholars who cut their academic teeth on dictionary articles at a time when postgraduate historical research in British universities was still in its infancy. While much of the dictionary was written "in house", the DNB also relied on external contributors, who included several respected writers and scholars of the late nineteenth century. Successive volumes appeared quarterly with complete punctuality until Midsummer 1900, when the series closed with volume 63. The year of publication, the editor and the range of names in each volume is given below.

Supplements and revisions

Since the scope included only deceased figures, the DNB was soon extended by the issue of three supplementary volumes, covering subjects who had died between 1885 and 1900 but who had not been included in the original alphabetical sequence, generally because the volume for their name had been among the earlier ones to be published. The supplements brought the whole work up to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. Corrections were added

The dictionary was reissued with minor revisions in 23 volumes in 1908 and 1909; it now emphasising in a subtitle that it covered British history "from the earliest times to the year 1900". In the words of the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, the dictionary had "elucidated the private annals of the British", providing not only concise lives of the notable deceased, but additionally lists of sources which were invaluable to researchers in a period when few libraries or collections of manuscripts had published catalogues or indices, and the production of indices to periodical literatures was just beginning. Throughout the twentieth century, further volumes were published for those who had died, generally on a decade-by-decade basis, beginning in 1912 with a supplement edited by Lee covering those who died between 1901 and 1911. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder and Co., to Oxford University Press in 1917. Until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century.

The supplements published between 1912 and 1996 added about 6,000 lives of people who died in the 20th century to the 29,120 included in the 63 volumes of the original Dictionary of National Biography. In 1993 a volume containing missing persons was published. This had an additional 1,000 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions. This did not seek to replace any articles on existing DNB subjects, even though the original work had been written from a Victorian perspective and had become out of date in that it could not take into account changes in historical assessments and discoveries of new information during the twentieth century. Consequently, the dictionary was becoming less and less useful as a reference work.

Concise dictionary

There were various versions of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography, which covered everyone in the main work but with much shorter aticles; some were only two lines. The last edition, in three volumes, covered everyone who died in or before 1985.

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

In the early 1990s Oxford University Press committed themselves to overhauling the DNB. Work on what was known, until 2001, as the New Dictionary of National Biography, or New DNB, began in 1992 under the editorship of Colin Matthew, professor of modern history at the University of Oxford. Matthew decided that no subjects from the old dictionary would be excluded, however insignificant the subjects appeared to a late twentieth-century eye; that a minority of shorter articles from the original dictionary would remain in the new in revised form, but most would be rewritten; and that room would be made for about 14,000 new subjects. Suggestions for new subjects were solicited through questionnaires placed in libraries and universities and, as the 1990s advanced, online, and assessed by the editor, the twelve external consultant editors and several hundred associate editors, as well as the in-house staff.

The new dictionary would cover British history, "broadly defined" (including, for example, subjects from Roman Britain, the United States of America before its independence, and from Britain's former colonies, provided they were functionally part of the Empire and not of "the indigenous culture" (Introduction)) up until 31 December 2000.. The research project was conceived as a collaborative one, with in-house staff co-ordinating the work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. It would remain selective - there would be no attempt to include all members of parliament, for example - but would seek to include significant, influential or notorious figures from the whole canvas of the life of Britain and its former colonies, overlaying the decisions of the late nineteenth century editors with the interests of late twentieth-century scholarship in the hope that "the two epochs in collaboration might produce something more useful for the future than either epoch on its own," but acknowledging also that a final definitive selection is impossible to achieve.

Following Matthew's death in October 1999, he was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Professor Brian Harrison, in January 2000.

The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (or ODNB), was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7,500, and in an online edition for subscribers. The print edition is currently selling for £6500. At publication, the 2004 edition had 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives, including entries on all those subjects included in the old DNB. (The old DNB entries on these subjects may be accessed separately through a link to the "DNB Archive" – many of the longer entries are still highly regarded.) A small permanent staff remain in Oxford to update and extend the coverage of the online edition. Brian Harrison was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Dr Lawrence Goldman, in October 2004. The first online update was published on 4 January 2005, including subjects who had died in 2001. A further update, including subjects from all periods, followed on 23 May 2005, and another on 6 October 2005. New subjects who died in 2002 were added to the online dictionary on 5 January 2006, with continuing releases in May and October in subsequent years following the precedent of 2005.

The online version has an advanced search facility, allowing a search for people by area of interest, religion and "Places, Dates, Life Events". This accesses an electronic index that cannot be directly viewed.

Response to the new dictionary has been for the most part positive, but in the months following publication there was occasional criticism of the dictionary in some British newspapers and periodicals for reported factual inaccuracies. However, the number of articles publicly queried in this way was small — only 23 of the 50,113 articles published in September 2004, leading to fewer than 100 substantiated factual amendments representing less than one thousandth of one per cent of the estimated 10 million factual statements conveyed in the dictionary's 60 million words. These and other queries received since publication are being considered as part of an ongoing programme of assessing proposed corrections or additions to existing subject articles, which can, when approved, be incorporated into the online edition of the dictionary.

http://www.answers.com/topic/dictionary-of-national-biography?cat=health

Not A Day Without A Dictionary

2007-11-16T02:57:00.000-08:00

Not A Day Without A Dictionary by Hallidae Thomason

There are many small ways to make your days a little more full and to take every opportunity for learning. As a teacher, I am passionate about seeing people grasp what a privilege and a blessing that learning is. If you are blessed enough to live in a place that allows or better yet encourages you to further your education, then I believe that it is right and good of you to do that. There are many, many ways for you to take learning seriously, but one of the easiest and best ways is to grab a dictionary.

There are many things I love about a good dictionary. Being an English professor, the connection is obvious. I love words. I love the power of language for communication. I think it is quite amazing that two people that have never met can sit down and have a conversation and basically understand everything that is being said because they speak the same language. While it is very true that you can speak a language and even learn new words without using a dictionary, think of all there is to learn by using a dictionary.

I gave myself a challenge a few years ago when it came time to make a New Year's resolution. Typically, my resolutions had consisted of plans to eat better and workout more, but that year I decided that I would buy a new dictionary and spend a few minutes each day reading it. Sound boring? If so, then you obviously haven't tried reading from a dictionary. It is actually one of the best decisions I have ever made. I looked forward to my few minutes in the dictionary so much that I began reading it both morning and night. Reading my dictionary daily was by far the easiest resolution to follow.

What I love about reading the dictionary is learning how much I do not know. All I have to do is flip open a page and I am confronted with how much more there is to learn, not just about my language, but about all of life. I read words that I have never heard of and I learn concepts that I didn't even know existed. Reading my dictionary is one of the most humbling and yet thrilling things I've ever done.

So, grab a dictionary. Start the process of learning new words to add to your understanding and vocabulary, but also let your time in a dictionary teach you new and exciting things about the world.

Hallidae Thomason is an English professor who encourages all of her students to read a dictionary daily, even if just a few new words. See www.dictionarytimes.info for more on this great habit.

Article Source: http://www.articlecube.com

http://www.resources-free.com/article/Not-A-Day-Without-A-Dictionary-Language/2597/

MSDict Professional Dictionary Bundle

2007-11-16T02:56:00.000-08:00

MSDict Professional Dictionary - English is a software suite comprising the universal dictionary viewer MSDict and five English dictionary databases. The extensive dictionaries included make this bundle the perfect reference tool for wide range of users - from beginner English learners to advanced learners and professionals, for who the English language is a vocation.

Included Dictionaries:

* English Pro Dictionary contains 90,000 words and about 2,500 phrases presented in rich text format articles. The dictionary can be used both by beginners and advanced English learners, as well as native speakers. Each dictionary article includes headword, pronunciation, part of speech description, inflected forms, example phrases and sentences.
* English Phrases Dictionary includes variety of phrases, collocations and common idioms. 11,107 definitions are included in 9,817 phrases. Phrases are chosen among most commonly used American and British English collocations and phrases. Various meanings of some phrases are included, which are numbered in each article. Example sentences are provided, illustrating the typical patterns. English Phrases is a helpful learning tool, encouraging the memorizing of phrases.
* English Synonymous Dictionary contains 20,224 words with 57,631 different meanings presented in clear and user-friendly interface. For each word article in addition to the headword meaning are provided synonyms, cross references, and similar words.
* English Acronymic Dictionary is a dictionary database including acronyms from numerous areas of knowledge and geographic designations. The English Acronymic Dictionary contains 20,757 definitions And 14,108 acronyms, covering countries abbreviations, organizations, companies and institutions acronyms with web links listed, Scientific acronyms from various areas- computers and networking, finance, chemistry, history and geography and Slang, common English acronyms and abbreviations, and common chat acronyms.
* Irregular Verbs Dictionary contains almost all irregular verbs in the English language, presented in rich text format articles. There are several color schemes among which you can select the one that best suits to your preferences.

The Features of MSDict Viewer:

* Transcriptions facilitating the correct pronunciation are included
* Rich-text article presentation in several styles
* Hyperlinks between related articles
* Text font ramapping (dynamic changing of fonts sizes)
* High dictionaries compression so they take less memory
* Single-tap search, starting on the first letter
* Wildcard filtration -the use of "*" replaces arbitrary number of symbols within words
* Custom notes for every word article so you can save your ideas and usage examples
* Button allowing quick erase of the query field

Compatible devices: Sony Ericsson P910, Sony Ericsson P800 / P802, Sony Ericsson P900 / P908, BenQ P31, BenQ P30, Motorola A1000, Motorola A925, Motorola A920.

http://www.my-symbian.com/uiq/software/applications.php?faq=9&fldAuto=940

SlovoEd Compact English-Spanish & Spanish-English dictionary for Palm OS

2007-11-16T02:54:00.000-08:00

SlovoEd is a series of best-selling translation and explanatory dictionaries for Palm OS containing over 130 high quality word-bases for about 30 languages from the world most distinguished language reference publishers. All SlovoEd dictionaries for Palm OS work under the powerful SlovoEd application engine developed in strict accordance with the design philosophy of Palm OS from the undisputed leader on mobile software market Paragon Software GmbH.

Work more effectively and conveniently with the rich-functional Palm OS dictionary engine supporting unique low memory consumption technology and high access rate. You will find any information 100 times faster than using a paper dictionary! User-friendly program interface with different color schemes available in 8 European languages is provided for your comfort.
SlovoEd Compact includes the considerable number of translations, extended dictionary articles with basic references and will become an irreplaceable comprehensive assistant for business, travel and study. Spanish-English-Spanish word database is provided by Ula company. It contains 103065 entries:
Spanish-English dictionary - 50765 entries
English-Spanish dictionary - 52300 entries

Features:

* Read books, documents and web-pages from your PDA and get word translations quickly when needed by using the Resident hot-key without leaving your active application. So you do not need to waste time on opening a program!
* The built-in morphology module for English, Russian and Spanish languages will help you to find translation even if the search words appear in different grammatical forms.
* Check correct word pronunciation with additional sound modules , provided by English, Spanish, Italian and French native speakers.
* Learn your chosen language in the easiest and most effective way using SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary. Learn something new and interesting every day with the 'Word of the Day' feature and quiz yourself with the words you have added to Flash Cards from the dictionary.
* Get more from the Palm OS dictionary by adding or modifying your own word definitions, creating your own personal word data base with the SlovoEd Studio utility and discover other SlovoEd features. Built-in help (tips) and up-to-date documentation are provided in all SlovoEd packages.
* Besides, in SlovoEd you will find:
* Ability to install several dictionary word databases at the same time.
* Ability to install SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary on any expansion card - Memory Stick, Compact Flash, SD Cards, MMC, etc.
* Cross-look up feature and search history (list of words that you searched recently)
* Full-screen mode to show the translations
*
* Compatibility:
* SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary is compatible with all devices based on Palm OS 4.0 and higher, including the latest & most-popular devices (Palm Centro, Treo 680, Treo 700p, Treo 650, Tungsten TX, Tungsten T5, Tungsten E2, LifeDrive etc.). Morphology Modules are supported on all Palm OS 5.0 devices. Sound Modules for SlovoEd dictionary are supported on Palm OS 5.0 devices except Tungsten T, Zire 22 and Sony Clie devices.

Minimum Requirements:

* Palm OS 4.0 and higher

Have a technical support question?

http://www.mobihand.com/treocentral/product.asp?id=15310

Online bulgarian dictionary - Reports and Bulletins

2007-11-16T02:53:00.000-08:00

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Dictionary of German akronims with explanations and translations to Russian

2007-11-16T02:51:00.001-08:00

That is the first edition of the German - Russian Dictionary of the Abbreviations in ten years. The Dictionary contains abbreviations from various layers of lexis: general, technical, legal, chemical, physical, names of organizations and legislative acts, etc. The articles of the Dictionary contain notes, referring to the usage field of this or that abbreviation, the language of foreign loan-words is stipulated, historic abbreviations are equipped with correspondent notes and brief explanations. The first edition of the Dictionary will be issued in the Polyglossum II computer option (TM - ETS Publishing house). The Dictionary data base includes more than 15,000 Dictionary articles (more than 50,000 searched terms or entrances to the Dictionary), which allow to make search with the help of German abbreviations, their German decoded (full) forms, and their translations into Russian. That is why, this Dictionary is rather a good addition to the Polyglossum II Big German - Russian - German Dictionary of general lexis (more than 800,000 searched terms) and branch dictionaries (11 dictionary data bases with total capacity of more than 1,500,000 searched terms).

Vtoroe izdanie Nemecko-russkogo slovarja sokrashhenij v jelektronnom vide v novoj versii slovarnoj programmy Polyglossum V.3.5.2 (03/2004) pozvoljaet osushhestvljat' poisk ne tol'ko abbreviatur (sokrashhenij), ih rasshifrovok na nemeckom jazyke i perevodov na russkij jazyk po alfavitnomu principu, no i pozvoljaet iskat' slova (vyrazhenija, sokrashhenija) i ih perevod iz slovarnyh statej, v kotoryh kazhdoe slovo slovarja mozhet vystupat' perekrestnoj ssylkoj k iskomomu slovu (sokrashheniju, vyrazheniju) ili perevodu. Pervoe izdanie jetogo slovarja nemeckih sokrashhenij v jelektronnom vide – v programme Poliglossum na CD "Slovar' nemeckih sokrashhenij s ih rasshifrovkoj i perevodom na russkij jazyk. Polyglossum II" stalo osnovoj dlja izdanija slovarja v poligraficheskom vide – "Nemecko-russkij slovar' sokrashhenij" (M.- Izdatel'stvo JETS, 1999. - 384 c., 15 x 20,5 x 2,5 sm, ISBN5933860034). Pervoe izdanija nemecko-russkogo slovarja sokrashhenij Polyglossum bylo izdano prakticheski cherez 10 let posle togo, kak byl izdan analogichnyj slovar' v poligraficheskom ispolnenii s ob#emom v 3 raza men'shim, chem v slovare Poliglossum. Korpus slovarja vkljuchaet sokrashhenija iz samyh raznyh plastov leksiki: obshheupotrebitel'nye, tehnicheskie, juridicheskie, himicheskie, fizicheskie, nazvanija organizacij i zakonodatel'nyh (normativnyh) aktov i t.p. Takzhe privedeno bol'shoe kolichestvo firmennyh sokrashhenij i sokrashhenij, ispol'zuemyh v markirovke priborov, izdelij, stankov, mashin, sredstv transporta, i t.p. Slovarnye stat'i snabzheny pometami, ukazyvajushhimi na oblast' primenenija togo ili inogo sokrashhenija, dlja inostrannyh zaimstvovanij ukazyvaetsja jazyk, istoricheskie abbreviatury imejut sootvetstvujushhie pomety, a takzhe kratkie pojasnenija. Pervoe izdanie slovarja v jelektronnoj forme - v slovarnoj obolochke Polyglossum vkljuchalo bolee 15,000 slovarnyh statej (bolee 50,000 poiskovyh terminov ili vhozhdenij v slovar': nemeckih abbreviatur, ih rasshifrovok na nemeckom jazyke i perevodov na russkij jazyk), pozvoljajushhih osushhestvljat' poisk kak po nemeckim sokrashhenijam, tak i po nemeckim rasshifrovkam sokrashhenij i ih russkim perevodam. Vtoroe izdanie slovarja Polyglossum Nemecko-russkie sokrashhenija neskol'ko rasshireno, struktura slovarnoj bazy usovershenstvovana, a takzhe uluchshena sistema indeksacii, chto pozvoljaet osushhestvljat' poisk i perevod bolshego kolichestva terminov. JEtot slovar' neplohoe dopolnenie k Bol'shomu Nemecko-Russko-Nemeckomu Obshheleksicheskomu Slovarju Polyglossum novoj versii V.3.5.2, poskol'ku novaja versija slovarja Polyglossum pozvoljaet osushhestvljat' odnovremennyj poisk po vsem ustanovlennym slovarjam. JEtot nemecko-russkij slovar' sokrashhenij pokupajut v komplekte prakticheski so vsemi nemecko-russko-nemeckimi slovarjami Polyglossum V.3.5.2. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Takzhe s jetim slovarem pokupajut: Slovar' sokrashhenij russkogo jazyka dlja Polyglossum (na russkom jazyke) Sm. Slovari russkogo jazyka Anglo-anglijskij slovar' sokrashhenij (na anglijskom jazyke) Sm. Angl. slovari abbreviatur -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fragment slovarja a, achtern mor. kormovoj ä, ähnlich mat. podobnyj a., alt (stol'kih-to) let a., amido- v slozhn. him. amido- a., anno lat. v ... godu a. A., alte Armee voen. staraja armija, prezhnjaja armija (vooruzhennye sily do 1914g.)#2 a., am na (takoj-to reke)#2 a, Ar ar (metricheskaja mera zemel'noj ploshhadi)#2 a., auch takzhe a., auf na a., asymmetrisch asimmetrichnyj, nesimmetrichnyj c, cngström, cngströmeinheit angstrem (edinica dliny svetovyh voln)#2 A, Abfrage 1. vych. opros; schityvanie 2. vych. zapros; vyzov A, Absperrorgan zapornyj organ, zaslonka (kanalizacija, vodosnabzhenie, gazoprovod i t.p.)#2 A, Ader zhila provoda, nitka provoda, provod A., Akt teatr. akt, dejstvie A, Akzept 1. akcept, akceptovanie (vekselja) 2. akceptovannyj veksel' A, Alp top. gornoe pastbishhe A., Alpen top. Al'py A., Atoll top. atoll A, Ampere amper (edinica sily jelektricheskogo toka)#2 A, Analog- analogovyj A., Anmelder zajavitel' A., anno lat. v ... godu A, Archiv prinjatoe naimenovanie dlja nauchnyh pechatnyh trudov A, Argon him. argon A, Armee armija A, Armee- armejskij A., Armee armija A, Art obrazec, vid A, Arzt vrach A, Atoll top. atoll A., Auktion aukcion, publichnye torgi A, Ausbeute jekon. vyhod produkcii A, Austria, Österreich Avstrija (indeks gosudarstvennoj prinadlezhnosti avtomobilja)#2 a. A., alter Art voen. starogo obrazca, ustarevshego obrazca AA., Arbeitsanteil jekon. rabochee uchastie, dolja uchastija a.a., ad acta k delu; ispolneno a. Abt., Armeeabteilung armejskaja gruppa, AG (vremennoe ob#edinenie iz neskol'kih korpusov ili divizij)#2 a. Abt., Artillerieabteilung 1. artillerijskij divizion, adn 2. orudijnyj kazemat a.a., always afloat angl. vsegda na plavu (uslovie v charter-partii)#2 a.A., auf Abruf po otzyvu; po trebovaniju a.a., ad acta lat. k delu; ispolneno a.A., anderer Ansicht s inoj tochki zrenija; inogo mnenija aA, anderer Ansicht s drugoj tochki zrenija; inogo mnenija a.A., auf Abruf po otzyvu; po trebovaniju a.A., auf Anfrage po zaprosu A.A., Aufklärungsabteilung razvedyvatel'nyj otrjad, RO; razvedyvatel'nyj batal'on, rbn A.A., Ausbildungsabteilung uchebnyj batal'on; uchebnyj divizion A.A., Auswärtiges Amt ministerstvo inostrannyh del, MID A.A., Anonyme Alkoholiker anonimnye alkogoliki (organizacija)#2 a.a.O., am angeführten Orte v privedjonnom meste, v ukazannom meste, v citirovannom meste a.a.O., am angegebenen Orte v privedjonnom meste, v ukazannom meste, v citirovannom meste A.A.R., against all risks (angl.) (strahovanie) protiv vseh riskov A.B., Augsburger Bekenntnis ljuteranskoe veroispovedanie a.a.S., auf angeführter Seite na ukazannoj stranice a.B., auf Bestellung po zakazu, na zakaz a.B., außergewöhnliche Belastungen nepredvidennye rashody A.B., Armeebefehl prikaz po armii a.B., auf Befehl po prikazu (takogo-to)#2 a.B., auf Bestellung na zakaz, po zakazu A.B., Augsburgische Bekenntnis Augsburgskoe ispovedanie (sistematizirovannoe v 1530 godu Filippom Melanhtonom uchenie Martina Ljutera)#2 a.B., außergewöhnliche Belastungen nepredvidennye rashody A.B.Fla., Ausbildungsvorschrift für die Flugabwehr nastavlenie po protivovozdushnoj oborone A.B.St., Artilleriebeobachtungsstelle artillerijskij nabljudatel'nyj punkt, anp A.Bo., Ankerboje mor. baken, buj a.c., anni currentis, des laufenden Jahres lat. s.g., sego goda; t.g., tekushhego goda a.d., after date angl. ot sego chisla; ot daty vekselja a.d., an der na (takoj-to reke)#2 a.D., an der Donau na r. Dunae a.D., Außendurchmesser naruzhnyj diametr a.D., außer Dienst v otstavke A.D.B., Allgemeiner Deutscher Beamtenbund Vseobshhij sojuz nemeckih gosudarstvennyh sluzhashhih A.D.B., Allgemeiner Deutscher Burschenbund Vseobshhij sojuz nemeckih burshej (studencheskaja korporacija v FRG)#2 A.D.C., Allgemeiner Deputierten-Convent Konvent studencheskih korporacij a.d.D., an der Donau na r. Dunae a.d.D., an diesem Datum v ukazannoe vremja, v ukazannoe chislo; sego chisla, s.ch.; v ukazannyj den' a.d.D., auf dem Dienstwege po instancii, v sluzhebnom porjadke, v administrativnom porjadke a.d.E., an der Elbe na r. JEl'be a.d.G., aus dem Gebiet... iz (takoj-to) oblasti A.D.K., Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Deutschen Kautschukindustrie Obshhestvo germanskoj promyshlennosti (sinteticheskogo) kauchuka a.d.L., an der Lahn na r. Lane A.d.N., Admiral der Nordsee komandujushhij voenno-morskimi silami na Severnom more (v byvshem germanskom flote)#2 A.d.O., Admiral der Ostsee komandujushhij voenno-morskimi silami na Baltijskom more (v byvshem germanskom flote)#2 a.d.R., an der Ruhr na r. Rure a.d.S., an der Saale na r. Zaale A.d.W., Admiral des Westens komandujushhij voenno-morskimi silami na Zapade, komandujushhij voenno-morskimi silami v Atlantike (v byvshem germanskom flote)#2 A.d.W., Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Akademija nauk v Vene a.E., am Ende v konce A.E.F., Ausschuß für Einheiten und Formelgrößen Komitet norm, standartov i edinoj nauchno-tehnicheskoj terminologii A.Ehttw, Archiv für das Eisenhüttenwesen naimenovanie periodicheskogo izdanija po chjornoj metallurgii A.E.Ü., Archiv der Elektrischen Übertragung naimenovanie periodicheskogo izdanija po peredache jelektrojenergii#2 a.f., anni futuri lat. budushhego goda a.F., alte Fassung staraja redakcija teksta, v staroj redakcii, staraja redakcija (dokumenta)#2 A.F., Audiofrequenz fiz. zvukovaja chastota a.F.a., am Flaksperrgebiet abgebrochen (samoljot) sbit v rajone zenitnogo zagrazhdenija A.f.E., Archiv für Elektrotechnik naimenovanie periodicheskogo izdanija po jelektrotehnike#2 A Fr, Amt Frankenberg administrativnyj rajon Frankenberg A.G., Arbeitsgemeinschaft ob#edinenie, rabochaja gruppa; koordinacionnyj komitet; obshhestvo, soobshhestvo a.G., als Gast 1. v kachestve priezzhego, v kachestve priglashennogo 2. na gastroli A.G., Arbeitsgemeinschaft obshhestvo, soobshhestvo, ob#edinenie; koordinacionnyj komitet A.G., Artilleriegeschoß artillerijskij snarjad; komplekt vystrela A.G., Atomgewicht atomnyj ves a.G., auf Gegenseitigkeit v porjadke vzaimnosti, na osnove vzaimnosti A.G., Aufklärungsgruppe razvedyvatel'nyj otrjad, RO; razvedyvatel'naja gruppa, RG a.gl.O., am gleichen Orte v tom zhe meste A.Gr., Armeegruppe armejskaja gruppa A.H., allgemeines Heeresgerät pribor, prinjatyj na vooruzhenie A.H., Alter Herr staryj korporant, pochjotnyj korporant (forma pis'mennogo obrashhenija k licu, sohranivshemu svjaz' so studencheskoj korporaciej posle okonchanija vysshego uchebnogo zavedenija)#2 A Hess G, Archiv für Hessische Geschichte naimenovanie periodicheskogo izdanija po istorii zemli Gessen#2 A.H.K., Alliierte Hohe Kommission für Deutschland ist. Sojuznaja verhovnaja komissija dlja Germanii A.H.Q., Armeehauptquartier shtab armii a.K., außer Konkurrenz vne konkurencii A.K., Absorptionskoeffizient fiz. kojefficient pogloshhenija, kojefficient absorbcii a.K., auf Kriegsdauer na vremja vojny a.K., außer Konkurrenz vne konkurencii A.K.M., Autoren, Komponisten, Musikverleger Avstrijskaja associacija avtorov, kompozitorov i notnyh izdatelej a.Kr., auf Kriegsdauer na vremja vojny a.L., älterer Linie starshej rodoslovnoj vetvi a.L., an der Lahn na r. Lane a.L., auf Lieferung kom. mozhet byt' postavlen, mozhet byt' postavleno a.M., am Main na r. Majne a.M., anderer Meinung drugogo mnenija A.M., Archiv der Mathematik naimenovanie periodicheskogo izdanija po vysshej matematike#2 A.M.T., astronomischer Meßtrupp astronavigacionnyj otrjad A.M.Tr., Artilleriemeßtrupp otrjad artillerijskoj instrumental'noj razvedki, otrjad AIR A.Met.G.Bio., Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie naimenovanie avstrijskogo periodicheskogo izdanija po meteorologii, geofizike i bioklimatologii#2 A.N., Ausrüstungsnachweisung tabel' vooruzhenija, tabel' imushhestva A.n.d.R., Abfluß nach der Regelung gidr. stok (vody) posle regulirovanija A.Nachr., Astronomische Nachrichten naimenovanie periodicheskogo izdanija po astronomii#2 a.O., an der Oder na r. Odere A.O.Z., Anoden-Öffnungs-Zuckung fiziol. sokrashhenie myshcy pri anodnom razmykanii A.P., authority to pay angl. polnomochie na proizvodstvo platezha A.P., amerikanisches Patent amerikanskij patent A.P., Anhaltspunkt tochka opory; otpravnaja tochka, ishodnoe polozhenie A.P., Anlaßpumpe teh. puskovoj nasos A.P., Anlegepunkt mesto prichala a.p., anni practeriti (lat.), vergangenen Jahres proshlogo goda A.P., Artilleriepunkt orientir dlja artillerii A.P., Aufnahmepunkt punkt fotos#jomki, punkt ajerofotos#jomki A.P., Aussichtspunkt voen. nabljudatel'nyj punkt A.P., authority to pay angl. polnomochie na provedenie platezha A.P.B., Allgemeine Polizeiliche Bestimmungen vseobshhie policejskie postanovlenija A.P.T., Artilleriepunkttafel artillerijskaja topograficheskaja tablica A.Phys., Annalen der Physik naimenovanie periodicheskogo izdanija po fizike#2 A.R., Abderhalden's Reaktion fiziol. reakcija Abderhal'dena A.R., auswärtige Redaktion redakcija inostrannogo otdela (gazety, zhurnala)#2 a.Rh., am Rhein na r. Rejne a.s., after sight angl. po pred#javlenii (tratty)#2 a.S., an der Saale na r. Zaale A.S., Anflugführungssender privodnoj radiomajak A.S.Z., Anoden-Schließungs-Zuckung fiziol. sokrashhenie myshcy pri anodnom zamykanii A.St., Abwehrstelle voen. otdel kontrrazvedki a.St., alten Stils po staromu stilju A.St., Amtsstelle sluzhebnaja instancija; oficial'noe uchrezhdenie A.St., Aufklärungsstreifen voen. polosa razvedki A.St., Ausgabestelle punkt vydachi A.St., Auswertstelle voen. punkt obrabotki donesenij A.T., Altes Testament Vethij zavet, biblija A.T., Alt-Tuberkulin him., med. staryj tuberkulin A.T., Arzneitaxe lekarstvennyj cennik; taksa na medikamenty A.T., Aussichtsturm voen. nabljudatel'naja vyshka a.u., arbeitsverwendungsunfähig dlja ispol'zovanija na rabote neprigoden; nerabotoprigoden a.u.d.T., auch unter dem Titel (izvestno) takzhe pod nazvaniem... A.u.E.St., Annahme- und Entlassungsstelle punkt prijoma i uvol'nenija A.u.V., Annahme und Versand prijom i otpravka (gruza)#2 a.v., a vista 1. ital. kommer. po pred#javlenii 2. muz. s lista a.v., ad valorem lat. s cennosti, s ob#javlennoj ceny, so stoimosti a.v., arbeitsverwendungsfähig k ispol'zovaniju na rabote prigoden; godnyj dlja vypolnenija rabot; rabotosposobnyj; voen. godnyj k nestroevoj sluzhbe A.V., Archivverwaltung arhivnoe upravlenie A.v.D., Automobilklub von Deutschland Nemeckij avtomobil'nyj klub A.v.d.R., Abfluß vor der Regelung gidr. stok (vody) pered regulirovaniem A.V.I., Ausbildungsvorschrift für die Infanterie nastavlenie po boevoj podgotovke pehoty A.V.O., Artillerieverbindungsoffizier oficer svjazi artillerijskogo komandovanija A.V.T., Artillerie-Vermessungstrupp otrjad artillerijskoj instrumental'noj razvedki a.v.u., arbeitsverwendungsunfähig k ispol'zovaniju na rabote neprigoden A.V.Z., Abwurfverteilerzentrale central'nyj sklad aviabomb a.W., auf Wartegeld na vremennom (pensionnom) posobii a.W., auf Widerruf do otzyva a.W., ab Werk s zavoda (proizvoditelja), franko-zavod a.W., an der Weser na r. Vezere A.W., Artilleriewerkstatt artillerijskaja masterskaja A.W., Atemwiderstand fiziol. soprotivlenie dyhaniju a.W., auf Wartegeld na vremennom (pensionnom) posobii a.W., auf Widerruf vpred' do otmeny A.W., Ausbildungswesen voen. boevaja podgotovka ä.W., äußere Weite vneshnij razmer A.Wa., Artilleriewaffenamt upravlenie artillerijskogo vooruzhenija A.Z., Alarm zu Ende otboj (posle trevogi)#2 a.Z., auf Zeit vremenno, na vremja a.Z., auf Zeit 1. kommer. na srok, srochnyj 2. vremennyj, vremenno, na vremja a/A., alter Art starogo obrazca a/c, a conto ital. kommerch. v schjot, v zachjot, za schjot, avansom a/d, after date angl. ot sego chisla; ot daty vekselja a/M, am Main na r. Majne a/o, account of angl. schjot ot (kakogo-l. lica, firmy)#2 A/P, account paid angl. schjot oplachen A.P., account paid angl. schjot oplachen a/Rh, am Rhein na r. Rejne a/s, after sight angl. po pred#javlenii (tratty)#2 AA, Arbeitsamt birzha truda AA, Auslandsabteilung zarubezhnyj filial (napr. firmy) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Na pervuju stranicu] [soderzhnie zakaza ("korzinka pokupatelja")] [Svjaz' s izdatel'stvom] [Anglo-Russkie] [Nemecko-Russkie] [Drugie jazyki] [Russkij jazyk]

http://www.ets.ru/e/sf000020.htm

Dictionary of German akronims with explanations and translations to Russian

2007-11-16T02:51:00.000-08:00

English Synonymous Dictionary 2 (Series 60)

2007-11-15T02:07:00.000-08:00

The Synonymous Dictionary for MSDict Viewer contains 20,224
words and 57,631 different meanings presented in rich-text format.
For each dictionary article, in addition to the headword
meaning and its synonyms, are provided cross references and similar words.

The key features of the English Synonymous Dictionary:

Clear and concise word definitions

Typical patterns illustrating the usage

Multiple senses presented

Hyperlinks between the related words in the dictionary

Guidance on grammar and style

Examples of usage

MSDict Viewer Features

The English Synonyms Dictionary is utilized by MSDict Viewer - an innovative dictionary
reader specially designed to combine high data compression for memory restricted devices with a
fast search algorithm, and user-friendly interface with amazing speed. The viewer supports multiple
dictionaries installed at a time.

Transcriptions facilitating pronunciation

Hyperlinks between different related articles

Support for dictionaries installed on memory cards

Searching that starts on first letter you enter

Learning features - random word and word of the day

History lists of visited word

Version 2 Out Now!

Wirelessly retrieve dictionary words and save valuable memory.

Previous owners of MSDict can upgrade for $9.95 only. Contact our support team.

Compatible Devices:

Nokia 3230

Nokia 6260

Nokia 6600

Nokia 6630

Nokia 6670

Nokia 6680

Nokia 6681

Nokia 6800

Nokia 6810

Nokia 6820

Nokia 7610

Lenovo P930

Panasonic X700

Panasonic X800

Samsung SGH-D720

Samsung SGH-D730

http://download.fashiondigital.net/Software/Catalog61_22331.html

Synonymous Dictionary for MSDict Viewer (Pocket PC) 1.0

2007-11-15T02:06:00.000-08:00

The Synonymous Dictionary for MSDict Viewer contains 20,224 words and 57,631 different meanings presented in rich-text format.

The Synonymous Dictionary for MSDict Viewer contains 20,224 words and 57,631 different meanings presented in rich-text format. For each dictionary article, in addition to the headword meaning and its synonyms, are provided cross references and similar words.

The key features of the English Synonymous Dictionary:
Clear and concise word definitions
Typical patterns illustrating the usage
Multiple senses presented
Hyperlinks between the related words in the dictionary
Guidance on grammar and style
Examples of usage

NOTE: The English Synonymous Dictionary is an add-on database for MSDict viewer and will not work as a self-dependent application. The price of the English Synonymous Dictionary database does not include a viewer.

# Requirements:PocketPC

http://en.handybyte.com/cat/educational/dictionaries/synonymous-dictionary-for-msdict-viewer-(pocket-pc)/

Acronymic Dictionary for MSDict Viewer (UIQ) 1.0

2007-11-15T02:05:00.000-08:00

The dictionary works as an add-on database for MSDict Viewer and is fully compatible with all the useful functionalities of the dictionary reader.

The dictionary works as an add-on database for MSDict Viewer and is fully compatible with all the useful functionalities of the dictionary reader.

For each acronym article a numbered list of possible meanings is provided. Additional explanations for each meaning are displayed in colored font. For some of the meanings are given blue-font underlined URLs.

NOTE: This Dictionary is an add-in database for MSDict Viewer and will not work as a self-dependent application.
# Here are some key features of "Acronymic Dictionary for MSDict Viewer (UIQ)":20,757 definitions included in 14,108 acronyms
# Countries abbreviations
# Organizations, companies and institutions acronyms with web links listed
# Scientific acronyms from various areas- computers and networking, finance, chemistry, history and geography
# Slang and common English acronyms and abbreviations
# Common chat acronyms
# Various meanings of some acronyms are included, which are numbered in each article

Requirements:
# UIQ devices.

http://en.handybyte.com/cat/educational/dictionaries/acronymic-dictionary-for-msdict-viewer-(uiq)/

Explanation Pro Dictionary for MSDict Viewer (Series 60) English 1.0

2007-11-15T02:01:00.000-08:00

The English Pro Dictionary for MSDict Viewer is an extensive dictionary and treasures with over 90,000 words, geared to the needs of a wide range of users- from the student at intermediate level and above to the enthusiastic tourist, or native English speaking business professional.

The English Pro Dictionary for MSDict Viewer is an extensive dictionary and treasures with over 90,000 words, geared to the needs of a wide range of users- from the student at intermediate level and above to the enthusiastic tourist, or native English speaking business professional.

NOTE: This Dictionary is an add-in database for MSDict Viewer and will not work as a self-dependent application. The price of the dictionary does not include a dictionary viewer.
# Here are some key features of "Explanation Pro Dictionary for MSDict Viewer (Series 60) English":Concise word definitions
# Typical patterns presented
# Coverage of English as an international language
# Pronunciations
# Guidance on grammar
# Thousands of examples

Requirements:
# Series 60 devices.

http://en.handybyte.com/cat/educational/dictionaries/explanation-pro-dictionary-for-msdict-viewer-(series-60)-english/

SLOVOED DICTIONARY Palm OS Software

2007-11-15T01:53:00.000-08:00

We are happy to inform you that the new SlovoEd 6.0 dictionary for Palm OS is just released!

You have a chance to purchase new dictionary with special 50% discount till 31st of August.

Just add the software you would like to purchase to the shopping cart from the current page or enter the promotion code SLP50 on the shopping page and click "Recalculate".

SlovoEd - series of best-selling translation and explanatory dictionaries for Palm OS containing over 130 high quality word-bases for about 30 languages from the world most famous publishers and working under the powerful SlovoEd application from the undisputed leader on mobile software market Paragon Software.

Read, learn, work and travel with an authoritative Palm OS dictionary in your pocket from the most distinguished language translation and reference publishers, i.e. Merriam-Webster, Van Dale, VOX, Magenta, Millenium, LingoMAXX, MultiLex, WordNet and others.

Main SlovoEd features:

* NEW! Morphology Module. The built-in module for English, Russian and Spanish languages. Helps you to find translation even if the search words appear in different grammatical forms.
* Sound Modules. Additional module which allows you to check correct word pronunciation, provided by English, Spanish, Italian and French native speakers.
* Resident mode provides word translations quickly when needed without leaving your active application. So you do not need to waste time on opening a program!
* “Word of the Day” supplies you with a new word for learning every day.
* Flash Cards Quiz makes process of learning new words easier. Create your cards and quize yourself!
* Irregular verbs table is available in English dictionaries. Knowing only one form of the verb you will be able to find the others quickly. Several sorting possibilities will help to find the verb form you need.
* Dictionary editor. Add or modify your own word definitions.
* Interface features. Interface is available in English, Spanish, German, French, Italian, Dutch, Greek and Russian. You are enabled to switch interface language "in passing", without re-installation of SlovoEd dictionary engine. You can also choose one of five color schemes and set the appropriate font size of the SlovoEd dictionary article.

Now SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary is available in three main editions:

SlovoEd Deluxe includes the fullest and most detailed translation articles with usage samples, synonyms and antonyms, references and transcriptions and other important information and is an excellent solution for professional linguists, translators and advanced users.

SlovoEd Classic includes considerable number of translations, extended dictionary articles with basic references and will become an irreplaceable comprehensive assistant for business, travel and study.

SlovoEd Compact occupies minimal memory space on your device, includes the most common translations with clear, concise definitions and can be useful for language introduction during a journey abroad and ideal for advanced users’ reading needs.

JUST RELEASED

HALLOWEEN WINTER RIDE

New mysterious arcade game for Palm OS

Halloween Winter Ride for Palm OS is the newest amusing easy-to-play arcade game with perfect graphic! A funny Witch has to be in time at the Halloween party riding the broomstick, but her ride is full of unpredictable dangers. You can help the witch to overcome all obstacles and devilries on the way.

Don’t miss a chance to immerse in wizardry and experience a truly breathtaking broomstick race!

BEST SELLER games

ANOTHERBALL

Watch out! AnotherBall the Time-Killer is on his way to your PDA!

One of the most addictive games ever: the classic arkanoid game in the new Time Killer edition of AnotherBall game for Palm OS. The new 3.0 version is 10-levels longer with the possibility of unlimited bettering of your score. New delicious graphics and splendid stereo sound effects are specially created for your pleasure.

GAGARIN'S MISSION

The classic shoot-them-all action with splendid 3D-graphics, stereo sound and addictive time-killing

Imagine your spaceship strolling through galaxies, searching for something else than emptiness. What if you find the ruins of somewhat seems to have been a great civilization, and numerous spaceships hovering over them? YES, you are right! Here is where the game begins! The "Gagarin's Mission" arcade is the splendid 3D-graphics, stereo sound and enormously addictive time-killing in the fly-and-shoot-them-all action game for Palm OS. Through the five missions you break, steering the small Fighter, meeting various friendly features and enemy creatures.

'T STOP SOLITAIRES COLLECTION

More than 250 solitaires in one Palm game

This Palm game contains more than 250 different solitaire types, both such popular as Klondike, FreeCell, Pyramid, Carpet, Spider, Yukon and other classic solitaire types, and some very uncommon ones for real solitaire-lovers. You can organize all of them with "Favorites" menu to have an easy access to the best ones.

http://palm-dictionaries.penreader.com/slovoed_palm.html?utm_source=palmaddict&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=PA-50%25

The Liberal Dictionary

2007-11-14T02:36:00.000-08:00

Abortion n.
1. The process by which future electoral majorities are secured.
2. Reduction of those sections of society which live off others' earnings while contributing nothing themselves.

Ass
1. n. A fine and dignified symbol for a venerable and wise organisation.
2. int. Expression uttered on discovery of flaws in the above.

Death Penalty n.
1. The process by which future electoral majorities are lost.
2. The shameful process by which true entrepreneurs are mercilessly cast out of the system for their refusal to live by the restrictions of society.

Decision n.
Agreement with the opposition party.

Economics n. abs.
An interjection expressing strong but as yet unidentified disapproval of a right-wing president.

Gore n.
Something that, similarly to sex, Republicans object to seeing on TV.

Green adj.
The property of being a shadow of one's own party whilst somehow managing to be more substantial in every respect.

Intern n. fem. ming.
A form of receptacle, combining the functions of cigar-box and career pruner. Also useful for rejuvenating the dry-cleaning industry.

Leader n.
A post retired in honour of the Democrat party's original founding.

Memory n.
A minor organ which suffers immensely from sex or inconvenient economics.

Mexico prop. n.
A reserve of convenient votes to be tapped as necessary.

Politically Correct adj.
A style of speech devised solely to be continually one step ahead of Republicans and evolving to be continually one step ahead of any form of common sense whatsoever.

Previous Administration, the n.
A body, now defunct, upon which the responsibility for failures can be deposited.

Sexual Relations n. pl.
Any form of physical contact not involving physical contact.

Starr n.
As used in Bethlehem and other Middle Eastern crises, an object which attracts large amounts of attention to itself, gathers devoted followers, leads them to women in undignified situations and eventually collapses in on itself.

Threat of Terrorism, the n. v.abs.
A form of camouflage applied to right-wing policies to ensure survival in a left-wing environment.

Tolerance and Multiculturalism n.
Gratitude towards those who contribute their votes solely on the basis that English is difficult and one of the available options has fewer syllables than the other.

Vote-Counting n.
A form of counting wherein one reaches the appropriate number and then starts again from the beginning, repeating ad nauseum.

http://rumandmonkey.com/articles/131/

The Collegeville Pastoral Dictionary of Biblical Theology

2007-11-14T02:34:00.000-08:00

The Collegeville Pastoral Dictionary of Biblical Theology distills the best of biblical scholarship and pastoral theology and presents it in clear and concise articles for the use of those in ministry. The dictionary is primarily (although not exclusively) pastoral, bringing to priests, religious, teachers, and educated laity a deeper understanding of the Bible and its central place in the life of the Church.

Catholics read the biblical Word in the context of the Church's ongoing life and teaching. The Church, under the guidance of the Spirit, helps ensure that the biblical message is authentically interpreted and understood. At the same time, the Bible both nourishes and challenges the Church to be receptive to its message and guided by it. Thus Scripture and theology are bound together; it is their joint message that must be put into pastoral practice. This dictionary has been created to help chart that course.

Four types of articles comprise the dictionary: introductory articles, major articles, secondary articles, and brief entries.

* Introductory articles head the dictionary and introduce readers to key background issues. They are Using the Dictionary: An Introduction; The Bible and Its Books; English Versions of the Bible; History of the Major Religious Movements in the Bible: Old and New Testaments; Biblical Interpretation Through the Ages; Archaeology and Biblical Interpretation; The Bible and Culture; and Biblical Theology.
* Major articles cover topics with multiple and distinct components, written by scholars who specialize in those areas. They explore not only biblical meanings but also the influence of major biblical ideas on the Church's pastoral and liturgical practices.
* Secondary articles are shorter and cover either biblically or pastorally important topics.
* Brief entries round out the information offered in this one-volume compendium of biblical, theological, and pastoral thought.

A chart of biblical history and a map of biblical lands are printed on the inside covers of the volume. With more than 500 insightful and instructive entries, this practical pastoral dictionary will be the one resource you'll need for preaching and liturgy preparation, classroom teaching and learning, and Bible study and reflection.

http://www.litpress.org/Detail.aspx?ISBN=0814619967

ROI on a data dictionary? “You can pay me now, or pay me later”

2007-11-14T02:32:00.000-08:00

If you Google the term data
dictionary, you will get nearly a hundred or more results of definitions
that generally mean the same thing. A data dictionary is data about data. It is
what defines the items in your database/s and can be looked to for definitions,
structures, use, allowable content, and sometimes business rules associated
with the data. It is THE roadmap to data in your database.

I was recently asked the question: Does the ROI on the data
dictionary that my organization religiously maintains justify its cost? I
answered with a resounding yes! Then I thought, why would anyone ask that
question? After all, arent the inherent benefits of a well-thought out and
maintained data dictionary obvious to all? Perhaps not if the question is being
raised.

Having spent a number of years of my career on the
database/applications development side of the house, a data dictionary has
significant meaning to me. Not only do I know what it is, but I know how
important it is to an organization and how difficult life can be without one
when you need to combine data from multiple sources.

Based on the above, you might conclude that a data
dictionary:

* Is common sense

* Is important

* Is worth the effort to create and maintain

* Is part of every organization

Based on these assumptions, you might be surprised at how
many organizations do not have data dictionaries, do not staff a dedicated data
administration/metadata management team, do not update existing ones (they were
created at the time an application was built), or depend on the knowledge of
one or more individuals to maintain this information about the data in their
heads as institutional knowledge.

So whats the big deal with data dictionaries if so many
organizations forgo them?

The big deal is the value that they bring when you have to
share data, whether internally or across organizations. Having one makes life
so much easier, while not having one can result in chaos and misinformation.

Imagine this situation: Organization O has three
departments. The role of organization O is to collect information about Air
Quality so that it can make rulings, set standards, and influence legislation
concerning the quality of air in the environment. Department A in the
organization is responsible for monitoring outdoor air quality. Department B is
responsible for monitoring air quality in indoor environments, while Department
C is responsible for monitoring air quality underground, such as in mines and
sewers.

Each department is made up of brilliant scientists who are
extremely familiar with the chemistry of air. All the scientists are not
necessarily from the same disciplines, but all KNOW air. Now these scientists
begin to construct spreadsheets and databases to capture and manipulate data
about air quality. What do you think the odds are that in each and every
spreadsheet and database that is created, the terminology used to name the
fields is the same? Probably moderately high. Now what are the odds that these fields
with the same names across databases are defined the same and capture data in
the same way? Thats right pretty low. Now, try to combine the data from the
disparate databases in the three departments into a data warehouse or central
repository so that you can do statistics using a larger data set, and boy, do
you have trouble (and a lot of work on your hands).

Unfortunately, many of us are not fortunate enough to be in
an organization at the time that these databases are first developed, and so we
can’t step in with good data administration practices in time to prevent such messes
from happening. In fact, many of us get brought in to deal with the train wreck
of disparate data sources under the guise of creating a data warehouse or
having to define the data to be used in a service as part of a SOA effort.

The good news is that it is never too late to create AND
MAINTAIN data dictionaries–with standards, administrative policies, and
procedures governing data. The bad news is that it takes a considerable amount
of time and effort to create them “after the fact,” particularly when
it is long after the fact and the people who actually know what the data was
intended to mean have left the organization. However, the effort always pays
for itself OVER TIME. Creating data dictionaries will not boost profits overnight,
nor will they suddenly allow you to do more with less or make your company 100
percent more efficient. But by working steadily on the project, you will aid in
decision-making in your organization by improving the quality of the data and
exposing the data to its users (because they now know where it is and what it
means), thus putting your organization in the position to build top quality data
warehouses or SOA services.

All of these goals are worthwhile and can add to
the bottom line by helping you work smarter and faster. But how do you measure
this as ROI? Thats difficult, because many of the benefits are either hard to
measure, are intangible, or have to be measured over very long period of time.
Yet despite all this, it just makes good sense strategically for an
organization, and strategic ROI is measured over a period of many years.

So going back to the question that started this article
yes, by golly, it is worth it! Can I measure it in terms of ROI well enough to
convince someone stuck on pure numbers that they should give the project a go? Maybe
not (lots of intangibles there), but I feel confident that I can argue the
point that every penny spent on building and maintaining an accurate data
dictionary is well spent. Dont believe me? Ask the poor guy working on the
“new” data warehouse for a company that doesnt have one. He will
tell you how much not having one is costing you.

http://blogs.techrepublic.com.com/tech-manager/?p=122

Encyclopedia Home :: DEM-DIO

2007-11-14T02:30:00.000-08:00

DICTIONARY . In its proper and most usual meaning a dictionary is a See also:

* BOOK

book containing a collection of the words of a See also:

* LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, See also:

* DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect or subject, arranged alphabetically or See also:

* DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

Definition in some other definite See also:

* ORDER
* ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
* ORDER, HOLY

order,and with explanations in the and hiseory. same or some other language . When the words are few in number, being only a small See also:

* PART

part of those belonging to the subject, or when they are given without explanation, or some only are explained, or the explanations are partial, the See also:

* WORK

work is called a vocabulary; and when there is merely a See also:

* LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
* LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of explanations of the technical words and expressions in some particular subject, a glossary . An alphabetical arrangement of the words of some book or author with references to the places where they occur is called an See also:

* INDEX

index (q.v.) . When under each word the phrases containing it are added to the references, the work is called a See also:

* CONCORDANCE (Late Lat. concordantia, harmony, from cum, with, and car, heart)

concordance . Sometimes, however, these names are given to true dictionaries; thus the See also:

* GREAT

great See also:

* ITALIAN

Italian dictionary of the Accademia della Crusca, in six volumes See also:

* FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio, is called Vocabolario, and See also:

* ERNESTI, J
* ERNESTI, JOHANN AUGUST (1707-1781)
* ERNESTI, JOHANN CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB (1756–1802)

Ernesti's dictionary to See also:

* CICERO

Cicero is called Index . When the words are arranged according to a definite See also:

* SYSTEM

system of See also:

* CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification under heads and subdivisions, according to their nature or their meaning, the book is usually called a classed vocabulary; but when sufficient explanations are given it is often accepted as a dictionary, like the Onomasticon of See also:

* JULIUS

Julius See also:

* POLLUX, JULIUS
* POLLUX, or POLLUCITE

Pollux, or the native dictionaries of See also:

* SANSKRIT

Sanskrit, Manchu and many other See also:

* LANGUAGES

languages . Dictionaries were originally books of reference explaining the words of a language or of some part of it . As the names of things, as well as those of persons and places, are words, and often require explanation even more than other classes of words, they were necessarily included in dictionaries, and often to a very great extent . In See also:

* TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
* TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
* TIME, STANDARD

time, books were devoted to them alone, and were limited to See also:

* SPECIAL

special subjects, and these have so multiplied, that dictionaries of things now See also:

* RIVAL

rival in number and variety those of words or of languages, while they often far surpass them in bulk . There are dictionaries of See also:

* BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography and See also:

* HISTORY

history, real and fictitious, See also:

* GENERAL
* GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and special, See also:

* RELATING

relating to men of all countries, characters and professions; the See also:

* ENGLISH

English Dictionary of See also:

* NATIONAL

National Biography (see BIOGRAPHY) is a great instance of one See also:

* FORM (Lat. forma)

form of these; dictionaries of bibliography, relating to all books, or to those of some particular See also:

* KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind or See also:

* COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; dictionaries of See also:

* GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography (sometimes called gazetteers) of the whole See also:

* WORLD

world, of particular countries, or of small districts, of towns and of villages, of castles, monasteries and other buildings . There are dictionaries of See also:

* PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy; of the See also:

* BIBLE
* BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible; of See also:

* MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics; of natural history, See also:

* ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology, See also:

* BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany; of birds, trees, See also:

* PLANTS

plants and See also:

* FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers; of See also:

* CHEMISTRY
* CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, See also:

* GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology and See also:

* MINERALOGY

mineralogy; of See also:

* ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, See also:

* PAINTING

painting and See also:

* MUSIC

music; of See also:

* MEDICINE

medicine, See also:

* SURGERY
* SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

surgery, See also:

* ANATOMY
* ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy, See also:

* PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

pathology and See also:

* PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology; of See also:

* DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy; of See also:

* LAW
* LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
* LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
* LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

* CANON

canon, See also:

* CIVIL

civil, statutory and criminal; of See also:

* POLITICAL

political and social sciences; of See also:

* AGRICULTURE
* AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
* AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, rural See also:

* ECONOMY

economy and gardening; of See also:

* COMMERCE
* COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, See also:

* NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, See also:

* HORSEMANSHIP

horsemanship and the military arts; of See also:

* MECHANICS

mechanics, See also:

* MACHINES

machines and the See also:

* MANUAL

manual arts .

There are dictionaries of antiquities, of See also:

* CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology, of See also:

* DATES

dates, of See also:

* GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

genealogy, of See also:

* HERALDRY

heraldry, of diplomatics, of abbreviations, of useful receipts, of monograms, of adulterations and of very many other subjects . These See also:

* WORKS

works are separately referred to in the See also:

* BIBLIOGRAPHIES

bibliographies attached to the articles on the See also:

* SEPARATE

separate subjects . And lastly, there are dictionaries of the arts and sciences, and their comprehensive offspring, encyclopaedias (q.v.), which include in themselves every See also:

* BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of knowledge . Neither under the heading of dictionary nor under that of See also:

* ENCYCLOPAEDIA

encyclopaedia do we propose to include a mention of every work of its class, but many of these will be referred to in the separate articles on the subjects to which they pertain . And in this See also:

* ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article we confine ourselves to an See also:

* ACCOUNT
* ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of those dictionaries which are primarily word-books . This is practically the most convenient distinction from the subject-book or encyclopaedia; though the two characters are often combined in one work . Thus the See also:

* CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century Dictionary has encyclopaedic features, while the See also:

* PRESENT

present edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, restoring itsearlier tradition but carrying out the See also:

* IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea more systematically, also embodies dictionary features . Dictionarium is a word of See also:

* LOW, SETH (1850- )
* LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low or See also:

* MODERN

modern Latinity;' dictio, from which it was formed, was used in See also:

* MEDIEVAL

medieval Latin to mean a word . See also:

* LEXICON

Lexicon is a corresponding word of See also:

* GREEK
* GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek origin, meaning a book of or for words—a dictionary . A glossary is properly a collection of unusual or See also:

* FOREIGN

foreign words requiring explanation . It is the name frequently given to English dictionaries of dialects, which the Germans usually See also:

* CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call idioticon, and the Italians vocabolario . Worterbuch, a See also:

* HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
* HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
* HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook of words, was first used among the Germans, according to See also:

* GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
* GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
* GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm, by Kramer (1719), imitated from the Dutch woordenboek .

From the Germans the Swedes and Danes adopted ordbok, ordbog . The Icelandic ordabok, like the See also:

* GERMAN
* GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, contains the genitive plural . The See also:

* SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic nations use slovar, slovnik, and the See also:

* SOUTHERN

southern Slays ryetshnik, from slovo, ryetsh, a word, formed, like dictionary and lexicon, without See also:

* COMPOSITION
* COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . Many other names have been given to dictionaries, as See also:

* THESAURUS (Gr. B17o-avp6s)

thesaurus, Sprachschatz, cornucopia, gazophylacium, comprehensorium, catholicon, to indicate their completeness ; manipulus predicantium, promptorium puerorum, See also:

* LIBER

liber memorialis, hortus vocabulorum, See also:

* IONIA

ionia (a See also:

* VIOLET

violet See also:

* BED
* BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed), See also:

* ALVEARY (from the Lat. alvearium)

alveary (a beehive), kamoos (the See also:

* SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
* SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea), haft kulzum (the seven seas), tsze tien-(a See also:

* STANDARD
* STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of See also:

* CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character), onomasticon, nomenclator, bibliotheca, elucidario, Mundart-sammlung, clavis, scala, pharetra,2 La Crusca from the great Italian dictionary, and See also:

* CALEPINO, AMBROGIO (1435-1511)

Calepino (in See also:

* SPANISH

Spanish and Italian) from the Latin dictionary of Calepinus . The tendency of great dictionaries is to unite in themselves all the See also:

* PECULIAR

peculiar features of special dictionaries . A large dictionary is most useful when a word is to be thoroughly studied, or when there is difficulty in making out the meaning of a word or phrase . Special dictionaries are more useful for special purposes; for instance, synonyms are best studied in a dictionary of synonyms . And small dictionaries are more convenient for frequent use, as in translating from an unfamiliar language, for words may be found more quickly, and they present the words and their meanings in a concentrated and compact form, instead of being scattered over a large space, and separated by other See also:

* MATTER

matter . Dictionaries of several languages, called polyglots, are of different kinds . Some are polyglot in the vocabulary, but not in the explanation, like See also:

* JOHNSON, ANDREW
* JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
* JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
* JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
* JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
* JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
* JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
* JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
* JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
* JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
* JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson's dictionary of See also:

* PERSIAN
* PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian and Arabic explained in English; some in the See also:

* INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation, but not in the vocabulary or explanation, like Galepini octoglotton, a Latin dictionary of Latin, with the meanings in seven languages . Many great dictionaries are now polyglot in this sense . Some are polyglot in the vocabulary and interpretation, but are explained in one language, like Jal's Glossaire nautique, a glossary of sea terms in many languages, giving the equivalents of each word in the other languages, but the explanation in See also:

* FRENCH
* FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
* FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French .

Pauthier's Annamese Dictionary is polyglot in a peculiar way . It gives the See also:

* CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese characters with their See also:

* PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation in Chinese and Annamese . Special dictionaries are of many kinds . There are technical dictionaries of See also:

* ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology, foreign words, dialects, See also:

* SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret languages, See also:

* SLANG

slang, neology, barbarous words, faults of expression, choice words, See also:

* PROSODY (Gr. rpovwSta)

prosody, pronunciation, spelling, orators, poets, law, music, proper names, particular authors, nouns, verbs, participles, particles, See also:

* DOUBLE
* DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double forms, difficulties and many others . Fick's dictionary (See also:

* GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1868, 8vo; 1874-1876, 8vo, 4 vols.) is a remarkable See also:

* ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to ascertain the See also:

* COMMON

common language of the Indo-See also:

* EUROPEAN

European nations before each of their great separations . In the second edition of his Etymologische Forschungen (Lerngo and Detmoldt, 1859-1873, 8vo, 7217 pages) See also:

* POTT, AUGUST FRIEDRICH (1802–1887)
* POTT, PERCIVALL (1714–1788)

Pott gives a See also:

* COMPARATIVE

comparative lexicon of Indo-European roots, 2226 in number, occupying 5140 pages . 1 Joannes de Garlandia (See also:

* JOHN
* JOHN (1167–1216)
* JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
* JOHN (1296-1346)
* JOHN (1371–1419)
* JOHN (1468-1532)
* JOHN (1801-1873)
* JOHN (Heb. llni')
* JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
* JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
* JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
* JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
* JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
* JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
* JOHN, THE APOSTLE
* JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

* GARLAND, JOHN (fl. 1202—1252)

Garland; fl . 1202-1252) gives the following explanation in his Dictionarius, which is a classed vocabulary:—" Dictionarius dicitur libellus iste a dictionibus magis necessariis, quas tenetur quilibet scolaris, non tantum in scrinio de lignis facto, sed in cordis armariolo firmiter retinere." This has been supposed to be the first use of the word . 2 An excellent dictionary of quotations, perhaps the first of the kind ; a large folio See also:

* VOLUME

volume printed in See also:

* STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg about 1475 is entitled " Pharetra auctoritates et dicta doctorum, philosophorum, et poetarum continens." At no time was progress in the making of general dictionaries so rapid as during the second See also:

* HALF

half of the 19th century . It is to be seen in three things: in the perfecting of the theory of what methods. a general dictionary should be; in the elaboration of methods of See also:

* COLLECTING

collecting and editing lexicographic materials; and in the magnitude and improved quality of the work which has been accomplished or planned . Each of these can best be illustrated from English lexicography, in which the See also:

* PROCESS

process of development has in all directions been carried farthest . The advance that has been made in theory began with a See also:

* RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical See also:

* CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of See also:

* OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion with regard to the See also:

* CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief end of the general dictionary of a language .

The older view of the matter was that the lexicographer should furnish a standard of usage—should See also:

* REGISTER

register only those words which are, or at some See also:

* PERIOD
* PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the language have been, " See also:

* GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good " from a See also:

* LITERARY

literary point of view, with their " proper " senses and uses, or should at least furnish the means of determining what these are . In other words, his chief See also:

* DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty was conceived to be to sift and refine, to decide authoritatively questions with regard to good usage, and thus to See also:

* FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the language as completely as might be possible within the limits determined by the literary See also:

* TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste of his time . Thus the Accademia della Crusca, founded near the See also:

* CLOSE
* CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
* CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 16th century, was established for the purpose of purifying in this way the Italian See also:

* TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue, and in 1612 the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, See also:

* LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
* LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long the standard of that language, was published . The Academie Francaise, the first edition of whose dictionary appeared in 1694, had a similar origin . In See also:

* ENGLAND
* ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the idea of constructing a dictionary upon this principle arose during the second See also:

* QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the 18th century . It was imagined by men of letters—among them See also:

* ALEXANDER
* ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
* ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
* ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
* ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
* ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
* ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
* ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
* ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
* ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
* ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
* ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

* POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
* POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
* POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
* POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
* POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
* POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope—that the English language had then attained such perfection that further improvement was hardly possible, and it was feared that if it were not fixed by lexicographic authority deterioration would soon begin . Since there was no English " See also:

* ACADEMY, GREEK
* ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy," it was necessary that the task should fall to some one whose See also:

* JUDGMENT

judgment would command respect, and the See also:

* MAN
* MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who undertook it was See also:

* SAMUEL

Samuel Johnson . His dictionary, the first edition of which, in two folio volumes, appeared in 1755, was in many respects admirable, but it was inadequate even as a standard of the then existing literary usage . Johnson himself did not long entertain the belief that the natural development of a language can be arrested in that or in any other way . His work was, however, generally accepted as a final authority, and the ideas upon which it was founded dominated English lexicography for more than a century . The first effective protest in England against the supremacy of this literary view was made by See also:

* DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
* DEAN, FOREST OF

Dean (later See also:

* ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop) See also:

* TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX (1807-1886)

Trench, in a See also:

* PAPER
* PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper on " Some Deficiencies in Existing English Dictionaries " read before the Philological Society in 1857 . " A dictionary," he said, " according to that idea of it which seems to me alone capable of being logically maintained, is an See also:

* INVENTORY (post-class. Lat. inventarium, a list or repertory, from invenire to find)

inventory of the language; much more, but this primarily .

. . . It is no task of the maker of it to select the good' words of the language . . . . The business which he has undertaken is to collect and arrange all words, whether good or See also:

* BAD, BCD

bad, whether they commend themselves to his judgment or other-See also:

* WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
* WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise . . . . He is an historian of [the language], not a critic." That is, for the literary view of the chief end of the general dictionary should be substituted the philological or scientific . In See also:

* GERMANY
* GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany this substitution had already been effected by See also:

* JACOB
* JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in their dictionary of the German language, the first volume of which appeared in 1854 . In brief, then, the modern view is that the general dictionary of a language should be a See also:

* RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of all the words—current or obsolete—of that language, with all their meanings and uses, but should not attempt to be, except secondarily or indirectly, a See also:

* GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide to " good " usage . A " standard " dictionary has, in fact, been recognized to be an impossibility, if not an absurdity . This theoretical requirement must, of course, be modified considerably in practice . The date at which a modern language is to be regarded by the lexicographer as " beginning " must, as a See also:

* RULE

rule, be somewhat arbitrarily chosen; while considerable portions of its earlier vocabulary cannot be recovered because of the incompleteness of the literary record . Moreover, not eventhe most See also:

* COMPLETE

complete dictionary can include all the words which the records—earlier and later—actually contain .

Many words, that is to say, which are found in the literature of a language cannot be regarded as, for lexicographic purposes, belonging to that language; while many more may or may not be held to belong to it, according to the judgment—almost the whim—of the individual lexicographer . This is especially true of the English tongue . " That vast aggregate of words and phrases which constitutes the vocabulary of English-speaking men presents, to the mind that endeavours to grasp it as a definite whole, the aspect of one of those nebulous masses See also:

* FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to the astronomer, in which a clear and unmistakable See also:

* NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus shades off on all sides, through zones of decreasing brightness, to a dim marginal film that seems to end nowhere, but to lose itself imperceptibly in the surrounding darkness " (Dr J . A . H . See also:

* MURRAY
* MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
* MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
* MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
* MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
* MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
* MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
* MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
* MURRAY, JOHN
* MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
* MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
* MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
* MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
* MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray, See also:

* OXFORD
* OXFORD, EARLS OF
* OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
* OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
* OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
* OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
* OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford See also:

* DIET

Diet . General Explanations, p. xvii) . This " marginal film " of words with more or less doubtful claims to recognition includes thousands of the terms of the natural sciences (the New-Latin classificatory names of zoology and botany, names of chemical compounds and of minerals, and the like); half-naturalized foreign words; dialectal words; slang terms; See also:

* TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
* TRADE, BOARD OF

trade names (many of which have passed or are passing into common use); proper names and many more . Many of these even the most complete dictionary should exclude; others it should include; but where the See also:

* LINE

line shall be See also:

* DRAWN

drawn will always remain a vexed question . Another important principle upon which Trench insisted, and which also expresses a requirement of modern scientific See also:

* PHILOLOGY

philology, is that the dictionary shall be not merely a record, but also an See also:

* HISTORICAL

historical record of words and their uses . From the literary point of view the most important thing is present usage . To that alone the idea of a " standard " has any application .

Dictionaries of the older type, therefore, usually make the common, or " proper " or "See also:

* ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
* ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root" meaning of a word the starting point of its definition, and arrange its other senses in a logical or accidental order commonly ignoring the historical order in which the various meanings arose . Still less do they attempt to give data from which the vocabulary of the language at any previous period may be determined . The philologist, however, for whom the growth, or progressive alteration, of a language is a fact of central importance, regards no record of a language as complete which does not exhibit this growth in its successive stages . He desires to know when and where each word, and each form and sense of it, are first found in the language; if the word or sense is obsolete, when it died; and any other fact that throws See also:

* LIGHT

light upon its history . He requires, accordingly, of the lexicographer that, having ascertained these data, he shall make them the See also:

* FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of his exposition—in particular, of the See also:

* DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division and arrangement of his See also:

* DEFINITIONS

definitions, that sense being placed first which appeared first in order of time . In other words, each article in the dictionary 'should furnish an orderly biography of the word of which it treats, each word and sense being so dated that the exact time of its See also:

* APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance and the duration of its use may as nearly as possible be determined . This, in principle, is the method of the new lexicography . In practice it is subject to limitations similar to those of the vocabulary mentioned above . Incompleteness of the See also:

* EARLY
* EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early record is here an even greater obstacle; and there are many words whose history is, for one See also:

* REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason or another, so unimportant that to treat it elaborately would be a See also:

* WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste of labour and space . The See also:

* ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the historical principle involves a further See also:

* NOTE
* NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note-worthy modification of older methods, namely, an important See also:

* EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the use of quotations . To Dr Johnson belongs the See also:

* CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of showing how useful, when properly chosen, they may be, not only in corroborating the lexicographer's statements, but also in revealing special shades of meaning or See also:

* VARIATIONS
* VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
* VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations of use which his definitions cannot well See also:

* EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express . No part of Johnson's work is more valuable than this .

This idea was more fully See also:

* DEVELOPED

developed and applied by Dr See also:

* CHARLES
* CHARLES (1270-1325)
* CHARLES (1421-1461)
* CHARLES (1525-1574)
* CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
* CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
* CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
* CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
* CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
* CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
* CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

* RICHARDSON, GEORGE
* RICHARDSON, HENRY HOBSON (1838-1886)
* RICHARDSON, SAMUEL (1689-1761)
* RICHARDSON, SIR JOHN (1787-1865)

Richardson, whose New Dictionary of the English Language ... Illustrated by Quotations from the Best Authors (1835–1836) still remains a most valuable collection of literary illustrations . Lexicographers, however, have, with few exceptions, until a See also:

* RECENT

recent date, employed quotations chiefly for the ends just mentioned—as instances of use or as illustrations of correct usage—with scarcely any recognition of their value as historical See also:

* EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence; and` they have taken them almost exclusively from the works of the " best " authors . But since all the data upon which conclusions with regard to the history of a word can be based must be collected from the literature of the language, it is evident that, in so far as the lexicographer is required to furnish evidence for an historical inference, a See also:

* QUOTATION

quotation is the best form in which he can give it . In fact, extracts, properly selected and grouped, are generally sufficient to show the entire meaning and biography of a word without the aid of elaborate definitions . The latter simply See also:

* SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the reader the trouble of See also:

* DRAWING

drawing the proper conclusions for himself . A further rule of the new lexicography, accordingly, is that quotations should be used, primarily, as historical evidence, and that the history of words and meanings should be exhibited by means of them . The earliestsinstance of use that can be found, and (if the word or sense is obsolete) the latest, are as a rule to be given; while in the See also:

* CASE
* CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of an important word or sense, instances taken from successive periods of its currency also should be cited . Moreover, a quotation which contains an important See also:

* BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit of historical evidence must be used, whether its source is "good," from the literary point of view, or not—whether it is a classic of the language or from a daily newspaper; though where choice is possible, preference should, of course, be given to quotations extracted from the works of the best writers . This rule does not do away with the illustrative use of quotations, which is still recognized as highly important, but it subordinates it to their historical use . It is necessary to add that it implies that the extracts must be given exactly, and in the See also:

* ORIGINAL

original spelling and capitalization, accurately dated, and furnished with a precise reference to author, book, volume, See also:

* PAGE
* PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
* PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page and edition; for insistence upon these requirements—which are obviously important, whatever the use of the quotation may be—is one of the most noteworthy of modern innovations . Johnson usually gave simply the author's name, and often quoted from memory and inaccurately; and many of his successors to this See also:

* DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
* DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
* DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day have followed—altogether or to some extent—his example .

The chief difficulty in the way of this use of quotations—after the difficulty of collection—is that of finding space for them in a dictionary of reasonable See also:

* SIZE

size . Preference must be given to those which are essential, the number of those which are cited merely on methodical grounds being made as small as possible . It is hardly necessary to-add that the negative evidence furnished by quotations is generally of little value; one can seldom, that is, be certain that the lexicographer has actually found the earliest or the latest use, or that the word or sense has not been current during some intermediate period from which he has no quotations . Lastly, a much more important See also:

* PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

* SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of the ideal dictionary is now assigned to the etymology of words . This may be attributed, in part, to the recent rapid development of etymology as a See also:

* SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, and to the greater abundance of trustworthy data; but it is chiefly due to the fact that from the historical point of view the connexion between that See also:

* SECTION
* SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the biography of a word which lies within the language—subsequent, that is, to the time when the language may, for lexicographical purposes, be assumed to have begun, or to the time when the word was adopted or invented—and its antecedent history:has become more vital and interesting . Etymology, in other words, is essentially the history of the form of a word up to the time when it became a part of the language, and is, in a measure, an extension of the history of the development of the word in the language . More-over, it is the only means by which the exact relations of allied words can be ascertained, and the separation of words of the same form but of diverse origin (homonyms) can be effected, and is thus, for the dictionary, the foundation of all See also:

* FAMILY

family history and correct genealogy . In fact, the See also:

* ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention that has been paid to these two points in the best recent lexicography is one of its distinguishing and most important characteristics . Related to the etymology of words are the changes in their form which may have occurred while they have been in use as parts of the language—modifications of their pronunciation, corruptions by popular etymology or false associations, and the like . The facts with regard to these things which the wide See also:

* RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research necessitated by the historical method furnishes abundantly to the modern lexicographer are often among the most novel and interesting of his acquisitions . It should be added that even approximate conformity to the theoretical requirements of modern lexicography as above out-lined is possible only under conditions similar to those under which the Oxford New English Dictionary was undertaken (see below) . The labour demanded is too vast, and the necessary bulk of the dictionary too great .
Phoenix-squares

When, however, a language is recorded in one such dictionary, those of smaller size and more modest pretensions can See also:

* REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest upon it as an authority and conform to it as a See also:

* MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model so far as their special limitations permit . The ideal thus developed is primarily that of the general dictionary of the purely philological type, but it applies also to the encyclopaedic dictionary . In so far as the latter is strictly lexicographic—deals with words as words, and not with the things they denote—it should be made after the model of the former, and is defective to the extent in which it deviates from it . The addition of encyclopaedic matter to the philological in no way affects the general principles involved . It may, however, for See also:

* PRACTICAL

practical reasons, modify their application in various ways . For example, the number of obsolete and dialectal words included may be much diminished and the number of scientific terms (for instance, new Latin botanical and zoological names) be increased; and the relative amount of space devoted to etymologies and quotations may be lessened . In general, since books of this kind are designed to serve more or less as works of general reference, the making of them must be governed by considerations of practical utility which the compilers of a purely philological dictionary are not obliged to regard . The encyclopaedic type itself, although it has often been criticized as hybrid—as a mixture of two things which should be kept distinct—is entirely defensible . Between the dictionary and the encyclopaedia the dividing line cannot sharply be drawn . There are words the meaning of which cannot be explained fully without some description of things, and, on the other See also:

* HAND
* HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
* HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the description of things and processes often involves the definition of names . To the See also:

* COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of the two objection cannot justly be made, so long as it is effected in a way—with a selection of material—that leaves the dictionary essentially a dictionary and not an encyclopaedia . Moreover, the large vocabulary of the general dictionary makes it possible to present certain kinds of encyclopaedic matter with a degree of fulness and a convenience of arrangement which are possible in no single work of any other class .

In fact, it may be said that if the encyclopaedic dictionary did not exist it would have to be invented; that its See also:

* JUSTIFICATION

justification is its indispensableness . Not the least of its advantages is that it makes legitimate the use of diagrams and pictorial illustrations, which, if properly selected and executed, are often valuable See also:

* AIDS

aids to definition . On its practical See also:

* SIDE
* SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the advance in lexicography has consisted in the elaboration of methods long in use rather than in the invention of new ones . The only way to collect the data upon which the vocabulary, the definitions and the history are to be based is, of course, to See also:

* SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search for them in the written monuments of the language, as all lexicographers who have not merely borrowed from their predecessors have done . But the wider See also:

* SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope and special aims of the new lexicography demand that the investigation shall be vastly more comprehensive, systematic and precise . It is necessary, in brief, that, as far as may be possible, the literature (of all kinds) of every period of the language shall be examined systematically, in order that all the words, and senses and forms of words, which have existed during any period may be found, and that enough excerpts (carefully verified,credited and dated) to See also:

* COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover all the essential facts shall be made . The books, See also:

* PAMPHLETS

pamphlets, See also:

* JOURNALS

journals, See also:

* NEWSPAPERS

newspapers, and so on which must thus be searched will be numbered by thousands, and the quotations selected may (as in the case of the Oxford New English Dictionary) be counted by millions . This task is beyond the See also:

* POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of any one man, even though he be a Johnson, or a See also:

* LITTRE, MAXIMILIEN PAUL SMILE (1801-1881)

Littre or a Grimm, and it is now assigned to a See also:

* CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of readers whose number is limited only by the ability of the editor to obtain such assistance . The modern method of editing the material thus accumulated—the actual work of compilation—also is characterized by the application of the principle of the division of labour . Johnson boasted that his dictionary was written with but little assistance from the learned, and the same was in large measure true of that of Littre . Such attempts on the part of one man to write practically the whole of a general dictionary are no longer possible, not merely because of the vast labour and philological research necessitated by modern aims, but more especially because the immense development of the vocabulary of the special sciences renders indispensable the assistance, in the work of definition, of persons who are See also:

* EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert in those sciences . The tendency, accordingly, has been to enlarge greatly the editorial See also:

* STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of the dictionary, scores of sub-editors and contributors being now employed where a dozen or fewer were formerly deemed sufficient .

In other words, the making of a " complete " dictionary has become a co-operative enterprise, to the success of which workers in all the See also:

* FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of literature and science contribute . The most complete exemplification of these principles and methods is the Oxford New English Dictionary, on historical principles, founded mainly on materials collected by the Philological Society . This monumental work originated in the See also:

* SUGGESTION

suggestion of Trench that an attempt should be made, under the direction of the Philological Society, to complete the vocabulary of existing dictionaries and to See also:

* SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the historical See also:

* INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information which they lacked . The suggestion was adopted, considerable material was collected, and Mr See also:

* HERBERT (FAMILY)
* HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
* HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
* HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert See also:

* COLERIDGE, HARTLEY (1796-1849)
* COLERIDGE, JOHN DUKE COLERIDGE, 1ST BARON
* COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR (1772-1834)
* COLERIDGE, SARA (1802–1852)
* COLERIDGE, SIR JOHN TAYLOR (1790-1876)

Coleridge was appointed general editor . He died in 186x, and was succeeded by Dr F . J . See also:

* FURNIVALL, FREDERICK JAMES (1825-1910)

Furnivall . Little, however, was done, beyond the collection of quotations—about 2,000,000 of which were gathered—until in 1878 the expense of See also:

* PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing and See also:

* PUBLISHING

publishing the proposed dictionary was assumed by the Delegates of the University See also:

* PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

Press, and the editorship was entrusted to Dr (afterwards See also:

* SIR

Sir) J . A . H . Murray . As the historical point of beginning, the See also:

* MIDDLE

middle of the 12th century was selected, all words that were obsolete at that date being excluded, though the history of words that were current both before and after that date is given in its entirety; and it was decided that the search for quotations—which, according to the original See also:

* DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, was to cover the entire literature down to the beginning of the 16th century and as much of the subsequent literature (especially the works of the more important writers and works on special subjects) as might be possible—should be 'made more thorough .

More than 800 readers, in all parts of the world, offered their aid; and when the See also:

* PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to the first volume appeared in 1888, the editor was able to announce that the readers had increased to 1300, and that 3,500,000 of quotations, taken from the writings of more than 5000 authors, had already been amassed . The whole work was planned to be completed in ten large volumes, each issued first in smaller parts . The first part was issued in 1884, and by the beginning of 1910 the first part of the See also:

* LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter S had been reached . The historical method of exposition, particularly by quotations, is applied in the New English Dictionary, if not in all cases with entire success, yet, on the whole, with a regularity and a precision which leave little to be desired . A See also:

* MINOR
* MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
* MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor See also:

* FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault is that excerpts from second or third See also:

* RATE

rate authors have occasionally been used where better ones from writers of the first class either must have been at hand or could have been found . As was said above, the literary quality of the question is highly important even in historical lexicography, and should not be neglected unnecessarily . Other special features of the book are the completeness with which variations of pronunciation and See also:

* ORTHOGRAPHY (from Gr. Opeoc, correct, right or straight, and yp&cbecv, to write)

orthography (with dates) are given; the fulness and scientific excellence of the etymologies, which abound in new information and corrections of old errors; the phonetic precision with which the present (See also:

* BRITISH

British) pronunciation is indicated; and the elaborate sub-division of meanings . The definitions as a whole are marked by a high degree of accuracy, though in a certain number of cases (not explicable by the date of the volumes) the lists of meanings are not. so good as one would expect, as compared (say) withthe Century Dictionary . Work of such magnitude and quality is possible, practically, only when the editor of the dictionary can command not merely the aid of a very large number of scholars and men of science, but their gratuitous aid . In this the New English Dictionary has been singularly fortunate . The conditions under which it originated, and its aim, have interested scholars every-where, and led them to contribute to the perfecting of it their knowledge and time . The long list of names of such helpers in Sir J .

A . H . Murray's preface is in curious contrast with their See also:

* ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence from Dr Johnson's and the few which are given in that of Littre . The editor's See also:

* PRINCIPAL

principal assistants were Dr See also:

* HENRY
* HENRY (1129-1195)
* HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
* HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
* HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
* HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
* HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
* HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
* HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
* HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
* HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
* HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
* HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
* HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

* BRADLEY, GEORGE GRANVILLE (1821–1903)
* BRADLEY, JAMES (1693–1762)

Bradley and Dr W . A . See also:

* CRAIGIE, PEARL MARY TERESA (1867–1906)

Craigie . Of the dictionary as a whole it may be said that it is one of the greatest achievements, whether in literature or science, of modern English scholarship and research . The New English Dictionary furnishes for the first time data from which the extent of the English word-See also:

* STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store at any given period, and the direction and rapidity of its growth, can fairly be estimated . For this purpose the materials furnished by the older dictionaries are quite insufficient, on account of their incompleteness and unhistorical character . For example too pages of the New English Dictionary (from the letter H) contain toot words, of which, as the dated quotations show, 585 were current in 175o (though some, of course, were very rare, some dialectal, and so on), 191 were obsolete at that date, and 226 have since come into use . But of the more than See also:

* LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo words—current or obsolete—which Johnson might thus have recorded, he actually did record only about 300 . Later dictionaries give more of them, but they in no way show their status at the date in question .

It is See also:

* WORTH
* WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth noting that the figures given seem to indicate that not very many more words have been added to the vocabulary of the language during the past 15o years than had been lost by 175o . The pages selected, however, contain comparatively few recent scientific terms . A broader comparison would probably show that the gain has been more than twice as great as the loss . In the Deutsches Worterbuch of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm the scientific spirit, as was said above, first found expression in general lexicography . The desirability of a complete inventory and investigation of German words was recognized by See also:

* LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM

Leibnitz and by various 18th-century scholars, but the See also:

* PLAN
* PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan and methods of the Grimms were the See also:

* DIRECT

direct product of the then new scientific philology . Their design, in brief, was to give an exhaustive account of the words of the literary language (New High German) from about the end of the 15th century, including their earlier etymological and later history, with references to important dialectal words and forms; and to illustrate their use and history abundantly by quotations . The first volume appeared in t854 . Jacob Grimm (died 1863) edited the first, second (with his See also:

* BROTHER

brother, who died in 1859), third and a part of the See also:

* FOURTH

fourth volumes; the others have been edited by various distinguished scholars . The scope and methods of this dictionary have been broadened somewhat as the work has advanced . In general it may be said that it differs from the New English Dictionary chiefly in its omission of pronunciations and other pedagogic matter; its irregular treatment of dates; its much less systematic and less lucid statement of etymologies; its less systematic and less fruitful use of quotations; and its less convenient and less intelligible arrangement of material and See also:

* TYPOGRAPHY (i.e. writing by types)

typography . These general principles See also:

* LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
* LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie also at the foundation of the scholarly Dictionnaire de la langue frangaise of E . Littre, though they are there carried out less systematically and less completely .

In the arrangement of the definitions the first place is given to the most See also:

* PRIMITIVE

primitive meaning of the word instead of to the most common one, as in the dictionary of the Academy; but the other meanings follow in an order that is often logical rather than historical . Quotations also are frequently used merely as literary illustrations, or are entirely omitted; in the special paragraphs on the history of words before the 16th century, however, they are put to a strictly historical use . This dictionary—perhaps the greatest ever compiled by one man—was published 1863-1872 . (Supplement, 1878.) The Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, prepared under the auspices of the German See also:

* ACADEMIES

Academies of See also:

* BERLIN
* BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
* BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, Gottingen, See also:

* LEIPZIG

Leipzig, See also:

* MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich and See also:

* VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
* VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, is a notable application of the principles and practical co-operative method of modern lexicography to the classical See also:

* TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues . The plan of the work is to collect quotations which shall register, with its full context, every word (except the most familiar particles) in the See also:

* TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of each Latin author down to the middle of the 2nd century A.D., and to See also:

* EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract all important passages from all writers of the following centuries down to the 7th; and upon these materials to found a complete historical dictionary of the Latin language . The work of collecting quotations was begun in 1894, and the first part of the first volume has been published . In the making of all these great dictionaries (except, of course, the last) the needs of the general public as well as those of scholars have been kept in view . But the type to which the general dictionary designed for popular use has tended more and more to conform is the encyclopaedic . This combination of lexicon and encyclopaedia is exhibited in an extreme—and theoretically objectionable—form in the See also:

* GRAND

Grand dictionaaire universel du XIX8 siecle of See also:

* PIERRE

Pierre Larousse . Besides common words and their definitions, it contains a great many proper names, with a correspondingly large number of See also:

* BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical, See also:

* GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical, historical and other articles, the connexion of which with the strictly lexicographical part is purely See also:

* MECHANICAL

mechanical . Its utility, which—notwithstanding its many defects—is very great, makes it, however, a model in many respects . Fifteen volumes were published (1866–1876), and supplements were brought out later (1878-189o) .

The Nouveau Larousse illustre started publication in 1901, and was completed in 1904 (7 vols.) . This is not an abridgment or a fresh edition of the Grand Dictionaaire of Pierre Larousse, but a new and distinct publication . The most notable.work of this class, in English, is the Century Dictionary, an See also:

* AMERICAN

American product, edited by See also:

* PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor W . D . See also:

* WHITNEY, ELI (1765-1825)
* WHITNEY, JOSIAH DWIGHT (1819-1896)
* WHITNEY, WILLIAM COLLINS (1841-1904)
* WHITNEY, WILLIAM DWIGHT (1827-1894)

Whitney, and published 1889–1891 in six volumes, containing 7046 pages (large See also:

* QUARTO

quarto) . It conforms to the philological mode in giving with great fulness the older as well as the present vocabulary of the language, and in the completeness of its etymologies; but it does not attempt to give the full history of every word within the language . Among its other more note-worthy characteristics are the inclusion of a great number of modern scientific and technical words, and the abundance of its quotations . The quotations are for the most part provided with references, but they are not dated . Even when compared with the much larger New English Dictionary, the Century's great merit is the excellent enumeration of meanings, and the ac-curacy of its explanations; in this respect it is often better and See also:

* FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
* FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
* FULLER, M
* FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
* FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
* FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
* FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller than the New English . In the application of the encyclopaedic method this dictionary is conservative, excluding, with a few exceptions, proper names, and restricting, for the most part, the encyclopaedic matter to descriptive and other details which may legitimately be added to the definitions . Its pictorial illustrations are very numerous and well executed . In the manner of its compilation it is a good example of modern co-operative dictionary-making, being the See also:

* JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint product of a large number of specialists .

Next to the New English Dictionary it is the most complete and scholarly of English lexicons . Bibliography.—The following list of dictionaries (from the 9th edition of this work, with occasional corrections) is given for its historical See also:

* INTEREST

interest, but in recent years dictionary-making has been so abundant that no attempt is made to be completely inclusive of later works; the various articles on languages may be consulted for these . The list is arranged geographically by families of languages, or by regions . In each See also:

* GROUP

group the order, when not alphabetical, is usually from See also:

* NORTH
* NORTH, BARONS
* NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
* NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
* NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to See also:

* SOUTH
* SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, See also:

* EXTINCT

extinct languages generally coming first, and dialects being placed under their language . Dictionaries forming parts of other works, such as travels, histories, transactions, See also:

* PERIODICALS

periodicals, See also:

* READING

reading-books, &c., are generally excluded . The system here adopted was chosen as on the whole the one best calculated to keep together dictionaries naturally associated . The languages to be considered are too many for an alphabetical arrangement, which ignores all relations both natural and geographical, and too few to require a strict classification by See also:

* AFFINITIES

affinities, by which the European languages, which for many reasons should be kept together, would be dispersed . Under either system, Arabic, Persian and See also:

* TURKISH

Turkish, whose dictionaries are so closely connected, would be widely separated . A wholly geographical arrangement would be in- convenient, especially in See also:

* EUROPE

Europe . Any system, however, which attempts to arrange in a consecutive See also:

* SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series the great network of languages by which the whole world is enclosed, must be open to some objections; and the arrangement adopted in this list has produced some anomalies and dispersions which might cause inconvenience if not pointed out . The old See also:

* ITALIC

Italic languages are placed under Latin, all dialects of See also:

* FRANCE
* FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France under French (but Provencal as a distinct language), and Wallachian among Romanic languages . Low German and its dialects are not separated from High German .

Basque is placed after See also:

* CELTIC

Celtic; Albanian, Gipsy and Turkish at the end of Europe, the last being thus separated from its dialects and congeners in See also:

* NORTHERN

Northern and Central See also:

* ASIA

Asia, among which are placed the Kazan dialect of Tatar, Samoyed and Ostiak . Accadian is placed after See also:

* ASSYRIAN

Assyrian among the Semitic languages, and Maltese as a dialect of Arabic; while the Ethiopic is among See also:

* AFRICAN

African languages as it seemed undesirable to separate it from the other Abyssinian languages, or these from their neighbours to the north and south . Circassian and Ossetic are joined to the first group of See also:

* ARYAN

Aryan languages lying to the north-See also:

* WEST
* WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
* WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of See also:

* PERSIA

Persia, and containing Armenian, Georgian and Kurd . The following is the order of the See also:

* GROUPS
* GROUPS, THEORY

groups, some of the more important languages, that is, of those best provided with dictionaries, See also:

* STANDING

standing alone: EUROPE: Greek, Latin, French, See also:

* ROMANCE

Romance, See also:

* TEUTONIC
* TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic (Scandinavian and German), Celtic, Basque, Baltic, Slavonic, Ugrian, Gipsy, Albanian . Asia: Semitic, Armenian, Persian, Sanskrit, See also:

* INDIAN

Indian, Indo-Chinese, See also:

* MALAY

Malay See also:

* ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago, Philippines, Chinese, See also:

* JAPANESE

Japanese, Northern and Central Asia . See also:

* AFRICA
* AFRICA, ROMAN

AFRICA: See also:

* EGYPT

Egypt and See also:

* ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia, Eastern Africa, Southern, Western, Central, See also:

* BERBER

Berber .

http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/DEM_DIO/DICTIONARY.html

Agile Development - The Devil’s Dictionary

2007-11-14T02:27:00.000-08:00

Iteration

* A way to divide a large, impossible project into smaller, impossible chunks

Daily Meeting

* A means to receive inaccurate and untrustworthy information faster

Unit Testing

* The technique by which developers convince themselves that their bug-ridden software isn’t

Refactoring

* A practical example of the proverb “There’s never time to do it right, but there’s always time to do it over”

Burndown Chart

* A fancy graphic meant to distract the uncurious sponsors from the fact that your project is going to be late and over budget

Trust

* The art of smiling and nodding politely when you listen to a developer lying through their teeth about the status of their work.

Post-Mortem

* A technique by which the failure of a project is explained, without using words like ‘Trust’, ‘Refactoring’, ‘Unit Testing’, ‘Daily Meeting’ or ‘Iteration’

Pair-programming

* A way to force introverted, socially awkward software developers to work together in close proximity for hours on end. See also: Hell

Scrum

* An agile development methodology famous for dogpiling on one person when the project is late

Extreme Programming

* An agile development methodology where team members who fail to deliver are forced to ride down steep mountainsides on uncomfortable, expensive bicycles

Sprint

* A form of iterative development that would work well if only every month was 30 days long

Backlog

* The list of things that everyone pretends are important, but will never get done

Emprical Process

* What you call something when you want to look professional, rather than shrugging and saying ‘How the hell should I know?’

User Stories

* The lies the end-users tell the programmers so the programmers will leave them alone and let them get back to work

Continuous Integration

* Two falsehoods in series - “Continuous” should be “Regular” and “Integration” should be “Testing”

Regular Testing

* What any minimally competent software development organization should be doing, without trying to fancy it up with sophisticated names

Planning Game

* The art of making the critically important task of prioritizing work seem trite and child-like

Sustainable Pace

* A mechanism to ensure the developers will still be fresh when the marathon bug-fixing maelstrom occurs at the end of the project

Metaphor

* A way to describe the software project in layman’s terms, ensuring that the highly literal and technical software team will have no idea what they’re actually building

Big Design Up Front

* Also known as “Getting it right the first time” (See: Refactoring)

Note to everyone who got offended by this - If we can’t laugh at ourselves, others will.

http://undefined.com/ia/2006/10/20/agile-development-the-devils-dictionary/

Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians

2007-11-14T02:24:00.000-08:00

The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians and is regarded as the most authoritative reference source on the subject in the English language. Along with the German-language MGG, it is the largest Western music reference work. Initially released through the vision and toil of George Grove, it was brought to a new height by Stanley Sadie and is the leading music reference source in English for both encyclopedic information and bibliographies.

Editions

Grove's Dictionary

It was first published in 1878 as A Dictionary of Music and Musicians in four volumes edited by Sir George Grove with an appendix and index. The second edition, in five volumes, was edited by J. A. Fuller Maitland and published between 1904 and 1910. The third edition, also in five volumes, was edited by H. C. Colles and published in 1927. The fourth edition, also edited by Colles, was published in five volumes plus a supplement in 1940. The fifth edition, in nine volumes, was edited by Eric Blom and published in 1954. A supplementary volume followed in 1961.

The New Grove, 1st ed.

When the next edition appeared in 1980, it was under the new name The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, and was greatly expanded to twenty volumes with 22,500 articles and 16,500 biographies.[1] It was edited by Stanley Sadie.

It was reprinted with minor corrections each subsequent year until 1995, except 1982 and 1983. In the mid-90s, the set version sold for about $2300. A paperback edition was reprinted in 1995 which sold for $500. At that point, editors likely decided to concentrate on the 2nd edition rather than continue to correct the mistakes of the original 1980 edition.

* ISBN 0-333-23111-2 - hardback
* ISBN 1-56159-174-2 - paperback
* ISBN 0-333-73250-2 - British special edition
* ISBN 1-56159-229-3 - American special edition

The New Grove, 2nd ed.

The second edition under this title (the seventh overall) was published in 2001, in twenty-nine volumes. It was also made available by subscription on the Internet in a service called Grove Music Online[2]. It was again edited by Stanley Sadie, and the executive editor was John Tyrrell. It was originally to be released on CD-ROM as well, but this plan was dropped. As Sadie writes in the preface, "The biggest single expansion in the present edition has been in the coverage of 20th-century composers".

This edition has been subject to some negative criticism (e.g. in Private Eye) owing to the significant number of typographical and factual errors that it contains. Some of the errors were ascribed to the use of students for checking the dictionary, although in fact no students were ever employed as editorial staff. Two volumes were re-issued in corrected versions, however, after production errors originally caused the omission of sections of Igor Stravinsky's worklist and Richard Wagner's bibliography.

* ISBN 0-333-60800-3 - British
* ISBN 1-56159-239-0 - American (cloth: alk.paper)

Grove Music Online

Since its publication, the online edition of the New Grove has been continually maintained under the editorship of Laura Macy. Regular updates are made to the content of the encyclopedia, including a large number of revisions and additions of new articles. As well as the 29 volumes of the New Grove 2nd edition, Grove Music Online incorporates the 4-volume New Grove Dictionary of Opera (ed. Stanley Sadie, 1992) and the 2-volume New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, 2nd edition (ed. Barry Kernfeld, 2002), comprising a total of more than 50,000 articles.

The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is available to use free of charge to many UK and International Library members from the Grove website using a Library membership number to login.

Status

The New Grove is invariably the first source that musicologists use when beginning research or seeking information on most musical topics. Its scope and extensive bibliographies make it exceedingly valuable to any scholar with a grasp of the English language.

The dictionary was published by Macmillan Publishers but was sold in 2004 to Oxford University Press. Its principal competitor is the Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart ("MGG"), currently ten volumes on musical subjects and seventeen on biographies of musicians, written in German.

In accordance with its status, the New Grove is expensive; the print edition costs over $2000, while an annual subscription to Grove Music Online is $300[3].

The companion four-volume series, New Grove Dictionary of Opera, is the main reference work in English on the subject of opera.

Contents

The 2001 edition contains:

* 29,499 articles in total
o 5,623 entirely new articles
* 20,374 biographies of composers, performers and writers on music
o 96 articles on theatre directors
* 1,465 articles on styles, terms and genres
o 283 articles on concepts
* 805 articles on regions, countries and cities
o 580 articles on ancient music and church music
o 1,327 articles on world musics
o 1,221 articles on popular music, light music, and jazz
* 2,261 articles on instruments and their makers, and performance practice
o 89 articles on acoustics
* 693 articles on printing and publishing
o 174 articles on notation
o 131 articles on sources

See also

* Citing Grove:
o Template:GroveOnline - Grove Music Online
o Template:NewGrove2001 - New Grove, 2nd ed., 2001
o Template:NewGrove1980 - New Grove, 1st ed., 1980

External links

1. ^ Scott Kennedy, Reference Sources for Small and Medium-sized Libraries (1999) p. 216.
2. ^ Grove Music Online - online version of the 2001 edition
3. ^ Subscribe to Grove Music Online

http://www.answers.com/topic/grove-dictionary-of-music-and-musicians

SLOVOED DICTIONARY SOFTWARE French SlovoEd dictionary software for Windows Vista/XP/2000

2007-11-13T02:34:00.001-08:00

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http://french.mswindows-dictionaries.penreader.com/SlovoEd_French_Dictionary.html

Dictionary of Human Form, by Ted Seth Jacobs

2007-11-13T02:33:00.000-08:00

Two of my books have already been published. The first, Drawing with an Open Mind, presented my ideas about the processes of human visual perception, and a great deal of information on the theory of drawing. That book was essentially designed to point out the difference between what the eyes transmit, and what the mind registers. Light of the Artist explained how the phenomenon of vision requires the interactions of light and forms. As far as possible, I will not repeat material already presented in those books, unless it is pertinent. Anyone unfamiliar with these books should not find any difficulty in following the ideas found in the present work.

The principal object of this book is to show a structural way of thinking about the body. This will develop into a structural way of looking at the body. We all see what we look for. Those who learn to look structurally, will discover nature's wonderful organization of the body. Each part of the body will be, so to speak, structurally dissected, or analyzed, in order to show the thinking processes embedded in the illustrations. With repetition, the practice of a structural view becomes instinctive, and it will no longer be necessary to analyze the body consciously.
Because the scope of this book is limited to the study of the structures of the body, the effects of light will not be discussed at length. However, the reader should be advised that the structures illustrated are illuminated by many different directions of light. Each light direction emphasizes a group of structures lying across its path, and makes others much less obvious. The same structure may look surprisingly different when shown under different directions of light.
The same is true for modifications in the shapes of structures caused by the effects of different actions. The human body is very pliant. It is useful to remember that the same structure may look almost unrecognizable when influenced by different actions.

INTRODUCTION

Why is this book called a dictionary? When you encounter an unfamiliar word and wish to learn its meaning, you can look it up in the dictionary. In the same way, when you are working from the live model, or from imagination, and don't understand the body part you are painting or drawing, you will be able to 'look it up' in this visually presented, analytic dictionary. Additionally, just as the words we know constitute a vocabulary that permits us to express complex ideas and feelings, structure is our 'vocabulary' of human form. It is necessary to know structure in order to be able to freely express in art, our ideas and feelings about the body.
It is impossible to see the marvelous and beautiful design of the human body unless and until we understand how it is put together. Regardless of how carefully we observe, we cannot convincingly represent the body without understanding its structure. Historically, mindless copying has never worked. Since very ancient times, it has been understood that the body is structurally 'designed'. It is necessary to organise our perception of the body. In the classic view, nothing on the body is random, or stuck on any old way. There is a reason why every part of the body appears as it does. The object of this book is to show you the reasons behind the appearances.
The most useful and instructive way to benefit from this dictionary is to use it constantly in conjunction with work from a living model. This method cannot be overly emphasized. When reading, if one is too lazy to look up a new word the vocabulary will not be expanded. In order to learn structure, refer to this dictionary, to understand what you see on the model. Similarly, when consulting the illustrations, refer the diagrammatic pictures to the key picture.

The visual format of the material is designed to facilitate the reader's study. A drawing or painting will be presented once in its entirety. Different parts of the body will then be able to be abstracted from each matrix illustration, and analysed separately. On each page a picture without any overlays will accompany others, with analytic lines drawn over them. These illustrations will always be joined by an explanatory text. The dictionary is divided into sections, each dealing with one part, or aspect of the body.
In a dictionary of words, in the upper right corner of every page a word will be found, so that the reader can easily find that required place in the text. Similarly, a visual key will appear in the upper right corner of every page, with a small reproduction from the illustrations on that page, showing only the part of the body under discussion. By riffling through the pages, the reader will be able to quickly find the place, or part of the body needed for study.
From almost sixty years of teaching, in and out of art schools, I have become acutely aware of the needs of artists and students who work with the figure. One of the commonest complaints of students working from the model is, "I have no idea about what I am seeing. It all looks like a mush. Can you explain the form to me?" This book is designed to satisfy these needs in two ways. First, you will be able to find the structural analysis of the problem confronting you. If you are, say, working on an elbow in a certain pose, you will be able to 'look it up,' and find it explained, textually and visually. Secondly, as mentioned above, this approach will train you to develop a structural way of seeing and understanding.
In my classes, I give individual critiques, and frequent lecture/demonstrations. When these deal with structure, as I draw from the model, I analyse the form, and explain the thinking behind the drawing. Some of the work from these demonstrations has been included here. After a lecture/demonstration, students have often asked, "If I don't remember all the information you are showing me, once I leave your classes, will I be able to lean structure on my own?"
I believe that the principal objective of teaching is to enable students to teach themselves. By my definition of what constitutes teaching, there must be a transfer of knowledge, from one mind to another. Only presenting the material does not constitute teaching. In this book, you will find the thinking behind the art. As I wrote above, if you take the trouble to keep this dictionary with you when working from life, and frequently look up the parts of the body you are dealing with, you will eventually realise that there is, in fact, a 'structural' way of looking at the model. These are a few basic principles revealing how the body grows, moves, and is put together. If you thoroughly grasp them, and make them part of your own understanding, you will be able to learn structure on your own. These principles will be referred to constantly in the illustrated section, and applied to specific instances on the model. When you have found the same structure on different models, and in many poses and light directions, you will recognise it ever after, like an old friend. At that moment, you will have learned structure. The information will be yours forever.

WHAT IS STRUCTURE?

Structure is the way in which living organic forms are organised. The main focus of this book is structure in the human body. The study of other organic non-human forms is also touched upon. These include clothing and drapery, animals, and plant life.
The human body is a highly complex organism. The study of structure is composed of many different component aspects. This study is based on two fundamental concepts. The first is that the shapes and forms of the body are not random. The second, is that the characteristics of structure are universal. Every human being has the same structures.
The body has a 'designed' look. There is a discernable reason for all the effects we see on the body. In the study of structure, these reasons will be explained. The principles upon which this book is based have been known for well over two thousand years. Unfortunately, they are now an endangered species. It is hoped that this book will preserve and transmit them to the future.
I will emphasize the fact that there is a special style, characteristic of human form. There are many styles of form that are not appropriate to the human body. We seem to live in a materialistic and technological age. It has been my experience during many years of contact with art students, that they are generally not very sensitive to the particularly human style of form. Their greatest need seems simply to be able to make a figure that looks fairly human. This book is designed to meet that need.

http://www.artrenewal.org/articles/2002/Dictionary/form1.asp

SlovoEd Classic English-Portuguese & Portuguese-English dictionary for Pocket PC

2007-11-13T02:32:00.000-08:00

SlovoEd is English-Portuguese and Portuguese-English translation dictionary for Pocket PC/Windows Mobile with the unique feature-rich dictionary engine. High-quality dictionary databases from world leading linguistic companies are specially adapted for Pocket PC dictionaries. SlovoEd Pocket PC dictionaries have been approved by Microsoft as "Designed for Windows Mobile" applications. The dictionaries have passed a series of compatibility and reliability tests and have been concluded as met many quality criteria

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* Find the translation of the word in any grammatical form with help of built-in Morphology Module for English, Russian and Spanish languages.
*
* Optional add-on Sound Modules enable to listen pronunciations of the most popular words with live speech quality (pre-recorded voice of native speakers). Tap a sound icon in front of a word and repeat the pronunciation with native speakers. Choose between databases with 5.000, 10.000 or 20.000 words.
*
* Study the language in the easiest and most effective way using SlovoEd Pocket PC dictionary. Learn something new and interesting every day with the Word of the Day feature and check yourself with the words you have added to Flash Cards from the dictionary.
*
* Get more from the Windows Mobile Pocket PC dictionary by adding or modifying your own word definitions, creating your own personal word database with the SlovoEd Studio utility and discover other SlovoEd features. Built-in help (tips) and up-to-date documentation are provided in all SlovoEd packages.
*
* Besides, in SlovoEd you will find:
*
* Ability to install several dictionary word databases at the same time.
* Ability to install SlovoEd Windows Mobile Pocket PC dictionary on any expansion card - Memory Stick, Compact Flash, SD Cards, MMC, etc.
* Cross-look up feature and search history (list of words that you searched recently).
* Full-screen mode to show the translations.
*
* Compatibility:
* SlovoEd Windows Mobile Pocket PC dictionary is compatible with all Windows Mobile 2003, Windows Mobile 2003 Second Edition and Windows Mobile 5.0 devices.
*
* As Microsoft Gold Certified Partner, Paragon Software (SHDD) provides hi-quality software compatible with Windows Mobile Pocket PC
*

Minimum Requirements:

* Windows Mobile 2003, Windows Mobile 2003 Second Edition and Windows Mobile 2005

Have a technical support question?

http://software.pocketpcthoughts.com/product.asp?id=7287

Historical Dictionary of Reformed Churches - Review

2007-11-13T02:30:00.000-08:00

Robert Benedetto, Darrel L. Guder, Donald McKim, eds, Historical Dictionary of Reformed Churches, Lanham, MD and London, Scarecrow, 1999, 507pp., US$79.50.

This is the twenty-fourth in the series Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements under the general editorship of Jan Woronoff. In his foreword, the editor notes that the volume, which reveals a certain diversity within the family of churches, covers a broad span of activities, from theology and government to education and social engagement. Specific entries focus on geographical regions in which the Reformed faith has become rooted, while other entries are devoted to figures who in their various times and places have helped to nurture and shape the Reformed tradition. The editors have drawn on some fifty consultants representing different regions of the world, though none of the articles is identified with a specific author. A guiding framework for all the entries is that of the description of the Reformed tradition found in the constitution of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches, that the Reformed tradition "is a biblical, evangelical and doctrinal ethos".

The twenty-six regional articles are well done. They provide a good, though brief, historical outline of the involvement of Reformed churches in the area, and identify key persons, events and influences in the story. In short compass, they enable the reader to get a sense of the place and to find resources for a further, more detailed examination. The articles on theological topics present a good concise statement of Reformed teaching and are illustrated by judicious references to the writings of the Reformers or to the Reformed confessions of faith, while those on issues of social justice demonstrate constant engagement with the issues of human community. There are also numerous articles on major figures in the history of the Reformed churches throughout the world.

This historical dictionary undoubtedly helps the reader to appreciate the geographical impact of the Reformed churches. It is a valuable tool for anyone involved in missionary research, pointing as it does to key persons, movements and events. However, there is constant reference to the "gospel and culture" movement as if this was clearly a defined school of thought, related to the Reformed tradition; other historians and missiologists might be less persuaded of this. Further probing on this and other topics is facilitated by the excellent and very extensive bibliography (pp.359-482).

In assessing this new publication, comparison becomes inevitable with the Encyclopaedia of the Reformed Faith, edited by Donald McKim (Louisville, Westminster-John Knox, and Edinburgh, St Andrew, 1992). On theological topics, the encyclopaedia provides a more comprehensive summary -- though, curiously, it contains no article on the interpretation of scripture nor on hermeneutics, while the dictionary does. The dictionary article, however, on "the church" does not mention the Reformed emphasis on the marks of the church nor the description of the church as the community of "word and sacrament". For a fuller and more helpful account of the doctrinal and scriptural ethos of the Reformed churches, the reader is better served by the encyclopaedia.

The dictionary offers a more comprehensive array of personalities who have helped to shape the Reformed tradition than the encyclopaedia does. As mentioned above, this provides a fertile source for the missiologist. There are however curious inclusions and exclusions. William Carey, for example, appears because he was influenced by the Reformed tradition, while Johannes Wollebuis, the 17th-century Reformed theologian who helped decisively to shape the tradition, is omitted. When comparing the accounts in the two volumes on Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, there is no reference to the impact of the Reformed tradition on him in the dictionary whereas the encyclopaedia does examine the impact of Calvin on Cranmer and the 32 Articles.

In each dictionary article persons or topics which are treated elsewhere in the volume are highlighted in bold type. This becomes intrusive and distracting, though perhaps it is less so if the reader is simply consulting a specific article. But there are occasions when this device does seem misleading, e.g. when reference is made to Jean de Laladia, the one-time Jesuit who embraced the Reformed faith, where the word "faith" is highlighted. There are also a number of inconsistencies in the volume, as is inevitable in such a publication, e.g. John Knox is said to have been born in either 1505 or 1514 depending on whether the chronology at the beginning of the book or the article on Knox is consulted.

The editors of this dictionary have put us in their debt. This is a rich resource for the history of the tradition, for its major figures, and for missiology. The bibliography provided in the volume is a rich tool for researchers. Those concerned with the doctrinal and scriptural ethos of the Reformed tradition, however, should also make use of the encyclopaedia.

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2065/is_3_53/ai_79341188

Psychology Dictionary Articles

2007-11-13T02:28:00.000-08:00

Psychology Journals Online - For this reason when you are reading these child psychology articles you can begin to understand just a minuscule amount of how a child sees and reacts to the world around them. With color psychology being a relatively new field of study there is not a lot of data that can be consistently used. It is a fact of our lives that when something traumatic happens our minds will shut that section off.

Child psychology articles

We know that psychology is the study of human behavior and emotional responses. As these responses can vary from person to person and age to age, the field of psychology is quite broad. In this field you will be able to find various psychologists studying the emotions and behavior of children. This means that you will be able to find child psychology articles that have been directed towards how the children of today live and behave.

These child psychology articles are quite interesting in the fact that stereotypes are avoided and what is known is given as facts. For this reason when you are reading these child psychology articles you can begin to understand just a minuscule amount of how a child sees and reacts to the world around them.

Some of these child psychology articles will deal with the mental and emotional disturbances that some children have gone through. To protect the privacy of the child only the facts are given and the name of the child will be withheld. You can find these child psychology articles in various magazines that deal with psychology. Sometimes you will be able to read some articles in your childs psychologist waiting room.

Beyond these places you can read child psychology articles on the internet sites that deal with child psychology. All of these child psychology articles will let us know how to recognize if a child is having some type of problem. The ways to deal with the problem in the initial stages will be noted in these child psychology articles. Once you have managed to have your child discuss at least a portion of their problems, you can make the decision of when you should schedule an appointment at a good child psychologists.

Child psychology articles will also let you see how various child psychologists have managed successfully to help their young clients face life and what these children should do if they are pulled back into a situation that is similar in outlook to their original problem. The other items that some child psychology articles will deal with are the new approaches and methods that have been developed especially for child psychology.

Since the field of child psychology is vast the many child psychology articles that you can find should be able to help you with whatever situation that you may find yourself in. For parents, these child psychology articles provide a small window into understanding the various problems and difficulties that are besetting their child. And sometimes you will find that these child psychology articles will provide yo with the solutions as well.

psychology dictionary - As many of use are aware the field of psychology is very vast. With this information you can halve your time searching large amounts of databases for the journal. The knowledge and understanding that a psychologist has learned about human behavior will let them see what a criminal is capable of doing and what they will be trying to accomplish.

http://www.definepsychology.info/

Hydroponics Dictionary.com

2007-11-13T02:27:00.000-08:00

You've just come across the best resource for general hydroponics information on the web! Here at hydroponics dictionary we are constantly updating our site with new articles, hydroponics calculators for calculations, information on hydroponic t opics, and applications for indoor gardening and hydroponics farming.

Take some time and explore the site and see what we have to offer and you wont be disappointed!

Definition: Hydroponics is crop production with mineral nutrient solutions instead of soil containing silt and clay. Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral nutrient solution only or in an inert medium, such as perlite, gravel or rockwool.
Hydroponics Tip Indoor Gardening Tips! - Calibrate your Meters!
Calibrate your digital pH and cf meters regularly. Using buffer 4 and buffer 7 for your pH meters and conductivity standard for your cf meter. Without regular calibrating, these meters could be o ut of skew, and a wrong reading can make a lot of difference.

http://www.hydroponicsdictionary.com/

Simpsons quotes enter new Oxford dictionary

2007-11-13T02:26:00.000-08:00

Dictionaries have found a new master of the modern quotation to challenge the best of Oscar Wilde and Groucho Marx . . . Homer Simpson's creator Matt Groening.

Homer Simpson quotes enter new Oxford dictionary
Homer says: 'The lesson is never try'

The brains behind the world's favourite cartoon series has three new entries in the latest volume of quotations from the experts at Oxford University.

The latest edition of the Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations, published today, is a testament to the growing popularity and influence of characters from The Simpsons.

Homer Simpson phrases include: "Kids, you tried your best and you failed miserably. The lesson is never try."

Another Homer quotation featured is: "Kids are the best, Apu. You can teach them to hate the things you hate. And they practically raise themselves, what with the internet and all."

Also included is the much-repeated reference to the French by the Scottish caretaker Willie who remarks: "Bonjour, you cheese-eating surrender monkeys" in a 1995 episode.

William Hague's remark to John Prescott also gets a mention. He told the former deputy prime minister: "There was so little English in that answer that President Chirac would have been happy with it."

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/22/nsimpsons122.xml

A Dictionary of Orthodox Terminology - Part 1

2007-11-13T02:24:00.000-08:00

'Bling Bling' Added To Oxford English Dictionary

2007-11-13T02:23:00.000-08:00

The next time you and your pals coin a slang term to describe your latest bejeweled accessories, don't bet on keeping it exclusive. The linguistics "gangstas" over at the Oxford English Dictionary aren't "new jacks" to the latest "def" lingo.

The venerable definitions resource has already added other hip-hop-turned-mainstream terms like "jiggy," "breakbeat," "dope" and "phat" to the online updates of the 20-volume dictionary, and now it has started drafting an entry for the latest OED-approved term, "bling bling."

The term, which is used to describe diamonds, jewelry and all forms of showy style, was coined by New Orleans rap family Cash Money Millionaires back in the late '90s and started gaining national awareness with a song titled "Bling Bling" by Cash Money artist BG.

The rapper, who is currently promoting his new album, Living Legend, told MTV News, "I'm so surprised that that word has spread like it has. But I knew it was serious when I saw that the NBA championship ring for the Los Angeles Lakers had the word 'bling bling' written in diamonds on it."

And while BG once felt territorial about his much-loved term, he's since opened his arms to the slang's universal appeal.

" 'Bling bling' will never be forgotten," he said. "So it's like I will never be forgotten. I just wish that I'd trademarked it, so I'd never have to work again."

http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1471629/20030430/bg.jhtml

SLOVOED DICTIONARY Palm dictionary. Multilingual dictionaries for Palm OSSlovoEd Dictionary - Palm OS Software

2007-11-13T02:21:00.000-08:00

Read, learn, work and travel with an authoritative Palm OS dictionary in your pocket from the most distinguished language translation and reference publishers, i.e. Merriam-Webster, Van Dale, VOX, Magenta, Millenium, LingoMAXX, MultiLex, WordNet and others. Most of the dictionaries contain detailed word translations with usage samples, transcription, grammatical information and color markup to satisfy all your needs.

SlovoEd dictionaries for Palm OS are developed to satisfy the most fastidious users, for both language professionals and learners, for both business applications and private usage. More than 1,500,000 Palm users have already found SlovoEd dictionaries useful and necessary in everyday life.

Palm OS dictionary 'SlovoEd dictionaries developed by Paragon Software (SHDD) are shining examples of well-developed software applications for Palm OS', - said Larry Berkin, the Director, Global Developer Marketing, PalmSource, Inc. 'They incorporate Palm OS design philosophy so seamlessly, it is sometimes difficult for users to tell where they end and the Palm OS begins.'

Work more effectively and conveniently with the rich-functional program engine supporting unique low memory consumption technology and high access rate. You will find any information 100 times faster than using a paper dictionary! User-friendly program interface with different color schemes and on 8 European languages is provided for your comfort.

Read books, documents and web-pages from your PDA and get word translations quickly when needed by using the Resident hot-key without leaving your active application. So you do not need to waste time on opening a program!

Resident in SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary
SlovoEd Palm OS dictionaries

The built-in morphology module for English, Russian and Spanish languages will help you to find translation even if the search words appear in different grammatical forms.

Morphology Module in SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary
SlovoEd Palm OS dictionaries

Check correct word pronunciation with additional sound modules, provided by English, German, Spanish, Italian and French native speakers.

Sound Module in SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary
SlovoEd Palm OS dictionaries

Learn your chosen language in the easiest and most effective way using SlovoEd. Learn something new and interesting every day with the “Word of the Day” feature and quiz yourself with the words you have added to Flash Cards from the dictionary.

Get more from the Palm OS dictionary by adding or modifying your own word definitions, creating your own personal word data base with the SlovoEd Studio utility and discover other SlovoEd features. Built-in help (tips) and up-to-date documentation are provided in all SlovoEd packages.

More features...

Compatibility:

SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary is compatible with all devices based on Palm OS 4.0 and higher, including the latest & most-popular devices (Treo 600, Treo 650, Tungsten TX, Tungsten T5, Tungsten E2, LifeDrive etc.).

Morphology Modules are supported on all Palm OS 5.0 devices.

Sound Modules for SlovoEd dictionary are supported on Palm OS 5.0 devices except Tungsten T, Zire 22 and Sony Clie devices.

SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary is available in three main editions:

SlovoEd Deluxe includes the fullest and most detailed translation articles with usage samples, synonyms and antonyms, references and transcriptions and other important information and is an excellent solution for professional linguists, translators and advanced users.

SlovoEd Classic includes the considerable number of translations, extended dictionary articles with basic references and will become an irreplaceable comprehensive assistant for business, travel and study.

SlovoEd Compact includes the most common translations with clear, concise definitions, occupies minimal memory space on your device and can be useful for language introduction during a journey abroad and ideal for advanced users’ reading needs.

http://www.palm-dictionaries.com/SlovoEd.html

The O.S.A. Project: Computerisation of the Dictionary of the Swedish Academy

2007-11-13T02:19:00.000-08:00

Correspondence: Dr. Sven-Goran Malmgren, Department of Computational Linguistics, University of Gothenburg, S-412 98 Gothenburg, Sweden
The 28-volume, not yet finished dictionary, comprising about 200 million characters, is being made machine-readable by means of optical character recognition. The structure of the database is highly dependent on the very consistent format of the dictionary articles and on the intricate typography of the dictionary. Different kinds of possible linguistic information retrieval from the database are presented. Not surprisingly, these are mainly of a non-semantic nature. To make possible systematic investigations on, e. g., sense development, it will probably be necessary to implement various kinds of semantic tags: this issue is also discussed.

http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/3/3/166

Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary and MSDict Viewer (Pocket PC) 5.20.54

2007-11-12T03:09:00.000-08:00

The sixth edition of this dictionary provides full coverage of all the important terms and concepts used in medicine today. Written by distinguished practising specialists and medical writers, it is intended primarily for workers in the paramedical fields: pharmacists,
physiotherapists, speech therapists, social workers, hospital secretaries, administrators, technicians, and so on. It will also be invaluable for medical students and practicing doctors. Each entry contains a
basic definition, followed- where appropriate- by a more detailed explanation or description. A feature of the dictionary is that the articles are written in clear and concise English without the use of
unnecessary technical jargon. For this reason the book will also be of both interest and value to the general reader who needs a home medical dictionary.
# Here are some key features of "Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary and MSDict Viewer (Pocket PC)":MSDict Viewer Features
#

# The Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary is utilized by MSDict Viewer- an innovative dictionary
# reader specially designed to combine high data compression for memory restricted devices with a
# fast search algorithm, and user-friendly interface with amazing speed. The viewer supports multiple
# dictionaries installed at a time.
#

# Transcriptions facilitating pronunciation
#

# Stylish user interface with several color schemes
#

# Hyperlinks between different related articles
#

# Text font remapping (dynamic changing of font sizes)
#

# Opportunity to add custom notes to any article in the dictionary so you can save your ideas and examples of usage
#

# Built-in keyboard
#

# Single-tap search, starting on first letter
#

# Wildcard filtration feature(the use of \"*\" replaces arbitrary number of symbols within words)
#

# Button allowing quick erase of the query field

http://en.handybyte.com/cat/educational/medical/oxford-concise-medical-dictionary-and-msdict-viewer-(pocket-pc)/

MSDict Professional Dictionary Bundle (Pocket PC) 5.40

2007-11-12T03:08:00.000-08:00

MSDict Professional Dictionary - English (Pocket PC Edition) is a software suite comprising the universal dictionary viewer MSDict and five English dictionary databases. The extensive dictionaries included make this bundle the perfect reference tool for wide range of users - from beginner English learners to advanced learners and professionals, for who the English language is a vocation.

Included Dictionaries:

English Pro Dictionary contains 90,000 words and about 2,500 phrases presented in rich text format articles. The dictionary can be used both by beginners and advanced English learners, as well as native speakers. Each dictionary article includes headword, pronunciation, part of speech description, inflected forms, example phrases and sentences.

English Phrases Dictionary includes variety of phrases, collocations and common idioms. 11,107 definitions are included in 9,817 phrases. Phrases are chosen among most commonly used American and British English collocations and phrases. Various meanings of some phrases are included, which are numbered in each article. Example sentences are provided, illustrating the typical patterns. English Phrases is a helpful learning tool, encouraging the memorizing of phrases.

English Synonymous Dictionary contains 20,224 words with 57,631 different meanings presented in clear and user-friendly interface. For each word article in addition to the headword meaning are provided synonyms, cross references, and similar words.

English Acronymic Dictionary is a dictionary database including acronyms from numerous areas of knowledge and geographic designations. The English Acronymic Dictionary contains 20,757 definitions And 14,108 acronyms, covering countries abbreviations, organizations, companies and institutions acronyms with web links listed.
Scientific acronyms from various areas- computers and networking, finance, chemistry, history and geography and Slang, common English acronyms and abbreviations, and common chat acronyms.

# Irregular Verbs Dictionary contains almost all irregular verbs in the English language, presented in rich text format articles. There are several color schemes among which you can select the one that best suits to your preferences.Limitations:30 day trial

http://en.handybyte.com/cat/educational/dictionaries/msdict-professional-dictionary-bundle-(pocket-pc)/

BEIKS Dictionary Reader for Palm OS

2007-11-12T03:06:00.000-08:00

Description:
The BEIKS Dictionary Reader BDicty (pronounced "bee*dik*ti") is a reference content viewer for Palm powered handhelds, in fact the second dictionary application ever made for Palm OS and since then the first in many reference categories!

Powered with rich set of language, professional, scientific and even entertainment dictionary lexicons, BDicty will quickly become one of the most valuable and used applications in your handheld.

Pay attention that BDicty itself is only a dictionary program and not a dictionary; much like with the e-books, one needs a program and a document (in our case a dictionary) in order to do something useful.

There is a wide selection of lexicons available for BDicty dictionary reader - both free and commercial - at http://www.beiks.com and all around the Net.

In the Palm world, BDicty Dictionary comes in two versions: Lite (Public) and Pro (Commercial). Both versions can open and work with any of the available dictionary lexicons.
The light version is free for download and personal use, but lacks some of the features of the Pro version.

Except in dictionary bundles, the Pro version is a separate product from any of the commercially available dictionary files (lexicons) and can be purchased separately if needed.

We do not beat drums announcing we are the best on the market as others do, although this may very well be the case. But it is your judgment to make.
We dare to claim, however, that we are working hard to provide you - our customers - with what you request: a robust and useful Palm dictionary solution at a fair price.

This application is driven by you, our customers, and so are we. BDicty and BEIKS are proud owners of numerous awards, including the prestigious Best Customer Reviews award for 2000 by Handango.

Features:

Specialized for reference content (dictionaries), resulting in simplified interface and improved speed
Hundreds of language, specialized and entertainment dictionaries and phrasebooks, including free ones; if you do not find your dictionary here please let us know!
Available on other mobile platforms (Pocket PC, BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, Sharp Zaurus)
Palm dictionary pronounciations for English International Phonetic Alphabet-based database of English pronunciations*
Palm dictionary Keyword coloring makes reading easier (requires lexicon versions 2.0 and higher)
new.gif (111 bytes) Full text search within dictionary articles turns every dictionary in a thesaurus!
Support for talking travel phrasebooks with native language speakers
Support for wide screen portrait and landscape modes /where applicable/
Specially optimized for speed on new, faster Palm OS 5 devices with ARM processors
Instant lookup from within any other application*
Extendable with custom articles*
Standard travel phrasebooks*
Unlimited unidirectional dictionaries
High data compression, leaving more memory for other applications
Dictionary browsing with dynamic word positioning
Cross-lookup feature
Two view modes with adjustable display panes
True support for MMC, SD, MS external media cards through VFS
Tested on the whole family of Palm OS® devices, up to and including the latest and greatest Palm models (Treo 650, Treo 700p, Tungsten T|X, Palm LifeDrive)
palm translator Adjustable font sizes
Horizontal / Vertical views
Smart view
Most recently looked up words list
Word of the day
Free software updates**
Download availability online
dictionary for palm Rich, up-to-date documentation

http://www.beiks.com/palmzonebg/BDicty.htm

Theological Dictionary of Rabbinic Judaism. Part 1, Principal Theological Categories

2007-11-12T03:05:00.000-08:00

Theological Dictionary of Rabbinic Judaism. Part 1, Principal Theological Categories. Studies in Judaism. By Jacob Neusner. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2005. 312 pages.

Readers familiar with the more than nine hundred books (yes, nine hundred) to flow from Neusner's pen will find that much of the material in the three-volume series published under the title above has appeared elsewhere. In this series, Neusner seeks to present a broad overview of what he takes to be the rabbinic mind based on important themes and topics in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Talmud, and Midrashim, among others. Part 1 (the volume under review) is a collection of thirty-two useful dictionary articles. Part 2 studies how the different themes in this collection of articles interact with one another in rabbinic thought and examines the subsequent broader ideas that resulted. Part 3 analyzes how the rabbis worked with the themes raised in this series, a project guided by three overarching questions: (1) What were the specific issues that concerned the rabbis? (2) How did they interpret these issues? (3) What did they anticipate as God's future actions or what did they recommend for future thought and practice on the part of the community?

While all of these volumes would help Christian preachers become more aware of issues important to the Jewish community from approximately 100 through 600 CE, as well as develop sensitivity to certain rabbinical ways of interpreting tradition and rendering theological judgments, the first volume is likely to be more immediately useful. Here the reader finds articles of ten to twenty pages each on the following subjects: atonement, commandment, creation, gentiles, God, intentionality, Israel, justice and mercy, kingdom of heaven, land of Israel, loving-kindness, man, messiah, prayer, prophecy (with echoes and other media for divine communication), redemption, repentance, resurrection, revelation (giving of the Torah), righteousness, sage, sanctification, sin, soul, suffering, temple (holy place), Torah (the, oral, study), will of God, women, and zekhut. Needless to say, these articles are free of the antiJewish bias that sometimes appears in discussions of similar themes in texts such as Kittel's Theological Dictionary of the New Testament.

The Theological Dictionary of Rabbinic Judaism can support the work of the preacher in two ways. First, unlike most Christian commentaries, it may help the preacher understand aspects of the Second and First Testaments from a more Jewish point of view. Second, the preacher who is familiar with church history can compare and contrast trajectories of early Christian thinking about issues in this period with those of Judaism.

For instance, Christian preachers sometimes claim that a distinctive element of the ministry of Jesus (and hence of the experience of the church) was the belief that the realm of God made a proleptic beginning in the ministry of Jesus but had not yet come in its fullness. Jews, such preachers sometimes say, are still awaiting the coming of the realm. By contrast, Neusner points out, "The Kingdom of Heaven does not take place only at the end of time or in Heaven. God rules now and those who acknowledge and accept his rule live under God's rule" (105). Phenomenologically this perspective on the presence and future of the realm is similar to the one found in early Christian literature. The preacher who is aware of such things can help correct distortions of Judaism that persist in Christian preaching. At the same time, the preacher is better equipped to name points at which Jews and Christians can explore different nuances in their traditions.

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4044/is_200604/ai_n16452277

Alec Gilmore, A Dictionary of the English Bible and Its Origins - Book Review

2007-11-12T03:03:00.000-08:00

Sheffield, UK: Academic Press, 2000. Pp. 192. Paper, $19.95.

Designed as a reference work, this book is a treasure trove for all those interested in the Bible. As the title indicates, it seeks to make the reader aware of the origins of the Bible in general and of the English Bible in particular. With an eye to the latter, Alec Gilmore succinctly and adroitly introduces the reader to the significant variety of versions and manuscripts behind all too familiar English translations. Specifically, the author provides a wealth of "student notes" in alphabetical order about persons, places, methods, manuscripts, etc., that relate to the origins of the First and Second Testaments, especially those impacting the English Bible. This work certainly succeeds in drawing the attention of all to the complexity and depth of the biblical tradition.

An interesting feature of this work is the placing of texts in boxes. These consist of two principal types: (1) anecdotal, legendary, and relevant but peripheral entries; and (2) examples of the different ways in which variant readings emerge in manuscripts, thereby influencing translation and interpretation. Examples of the first type include printers' errors that resulted in special titles for some early editions, e.g., the Vinegar Bible and the Murderers' Bible (p. 35). Examples of the second type are treatments on dittography (p. 67), haplography (p. 83), harmonization (p. 84), and itacisms (pp. 92-93).

This dictionary is marked by a profound ecumenical sensitivity, especially with regard to Roman Catholics. There are entries treating "Divino Afflante Spiritu" and the Second Vatican Council with due emphasis on "Del Verbum." Roman Catholic biblical translations, such as the Jerusalem Bible and the New American Bible, receive ample attention in a work of this size. Scholars like W. Abbott and Carlo Maria Montini are highlighted on several different occasions. It is clear that in telling the story of the English Bible from Tyndale to the New Revised English Bible, the author engages all contributions to biblical scholarship regardless of confessional differences.

The happy outcome of this dictionary is that it whets the appetite of the reader for further study and exploration. To this end Gilmore offers a more than ample bibliography (pp. 189-92). He has marked with an asterisk those works that fall into the category of "reliable, more popular, and inexpensive" (p. 10). To promote the transition from dictionary articles to such further reading is no mean achievement. In sum, this delightful volume admirably achieves its goal as a reference work that seeks to expand the reader's curiosity and interest in the sacred text.

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0LAL/is_3_31/ai_94330383

SlovoEd dictionary for SE M600i

2007-11-12T03:01:00.000-08:00

The 'for Symbian OS' logo* means SlovoEd for UIQ 3.0 by Epocware has been successfully tested in Symbian Signed. For more information visit www.symbiansigned.com.

SlovoEd SE M600i dictionary is the first software you should install after your purchase of a mobile phone.

Read, work, study and travel with a reliable dictionary in your pocket from the most distinguished language reference such as Merriam-Webster Inc., Van Dale Lexicografie BV, Larousse Editiorial, S.L., MAGENTA LTD, LingoMAXX, MediaLingua. Most dictionaries contain detailed information such as transcription, usage notes, grammatical information, lots of examples and color markup to satisfy all you needs.

Paragon Software SlovoEd dictionary engine is one of the most respected brands in the translation software industry. It has been top-ranked and best-selling solution since its initial release in 2000.

Easy-to-use interface, rapid access, precise translations and unique compression technology turn foreign language into almost native mother tongue.

SlovoEd dictionary engine was developed with active assistance and support from the world’s famous mobile phones brand Sony Ericsson. Elaborations of Paragon Company are always up-to-date. The release of the new dictionary is connected with the new Sony Ericsson devices entering the market. As soon as the new Sony Ericsson models are released SlovoEd would become a must for your smartphone.
SlovoEd SE M600i dictionaries offers you different functions and options

* Rapid access to database, low memory consumption due to unique compression technology that provides you with high data compression ratio (100,000 entries in 600 KB) to help you wisely manage your time
* Dictionary installation on memory cards to save main memory-space for another programs and applications
* Quick search of frequently used words from the 15 words list to see the translation for any word from the history again at any time

* Cross-lookup feature between articles and directions to check your comprehension
* Optional letter size and color markup to set customer interface in accordance with your taste
* Several dictionaries installation with the various languages choice (rapid switch amongst dictionaries available, dictionary activation/deactivation option)
* Get more from the SE dictionary by creating your own personal word database with the SlovoEd Studio utility and discover other SlovoEd features

Dictionary interface is available in English, French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish, Greek and Dutch.
SlovoEd Sony Ericsson UIQ 3.0 dictionary is available in three main editions:

SlovoEd DeLuxe includes the fullest and most detailed translation articles with usage samples, synonyms and antonyms, references and transcriptions and other important information and is an excellent solution for professional linguists, translators and advanced users.

SlovoEd Classic includes a considerable number of translations, an extended dictionary articles with basic references and will become an irreplaceable comprehensive assistant for business, travel and study.

SlovoEd Compact occupies minimal memory space on your device, includes the most common translations with clear, concise definitions and can be useful for language introduction during a journey abroad and ideal for advanced users’ reading needs.

http://se-m600i-software.epocware.com/SlovoEd.html

DOWNLOAD AREA FOR SLOVOED DICTIONARIES GERMAN-ITALIAN

2007-11-08T01:50:00.000-08:00

Our policy

All our products have trial versions available for free. They are not limited anyhow in functionality - they are limited by time of using. You can use trials as full functional products for a while with all features and complete content available in commercial versions. Using trial version you can fully understand your real need of the product and make a decision whether it is worth its money or not. Thus, we recommend all our customers to use trial version first.

Once you made your choice and decided to purchase our product, the only thing you'll have to do is to order from us a registration code that you'll have to enter into your trial version. After this activation all time limitation of the trial version will be removed and you'll become user of a complete commercial version.

We really appreciate your choice!

http://se-p990-software.epocware.com/SlovoEd/SlovoEd_German-Italian_Download_area_for_SlovoEd.html

LingvoSoft English-Portuguese Talking Dictionary 3.1.41

2007-11-08T01:49:00.000-08:00

The LingvoSoft Talking Dictionary 2006 English <-> Portuguese for Windows is part of a unique suite of language learning applications for your PC. It provides bidirectional word translation and advanced synthesis of English and Portuguese speech. The dictionary is easy to install and use on your desktop computer. It translates in both directions between English and Portuguese and pronounces the translation aloud! The ability to pronounce English and Portuguese words is the distinguishing feature of this software translator. And it does so using the most advanced BST Text-to-Speech synthesis available anywhere! Now you never need to check transcriptions: simply select a word and with one click have the dictionary pronounce it for you. As part of a complete suite of language solutions, this dictionary is also capable of full integration with the LingvoSoft FlashCards and LingvoSoft Talking PhraseBook applications for added effectiveness.

http://downloads.zdnet.co.uk/0,1000000375,39175944s,00.htm

LingvoSoft English-French Talking Dictionary 3.1.41

2007-11-08T01:48:00.000-08:00

The Talking Dictionary 2006 English <-> French for Windows is part of a unique suite of language learning applications for your PC. It provides bidirectional word translation and advanced synthesis of English and French speech. The dictionary is easy to install and use on your desktop computer. It translates in both directions between English and French and pronounces the translation aloud! The ability to pronounce English and French words is the distinguishing feature of this software translator. And it does so using the most advanced BST Text-to-Speech synthesis available anywhere! Now you never need to check transcriptions: simply select a word and with one click have the dictionary pronounce it for you. As part of a complete suite of language solutions, this dictionary is also capable of full integration with the LingvoSoft FlashCards and LingvoSoft Talking PhraseBook applications for added effectiveness.

Version 3.1.41 may include unspecified updates, enhancements, or bug fixes.

http://downloads.zdnet.co.uk/0,1000000375,39175941s,00.htm

LingvoSoft English-Italian Talking Dictionary 3.1.41

2007-11-08T01:46:00.000-08:00

The Talking Dictionary 2006 English <-> Italian for Windows is part of a unique suite of language learning applications for your PC. It provides bidirectional word translation and advanced synthesis of English and Italian speech. The dictionary is easy to install and use on your desktop computer. It translates in both directions between English and Italian and pronounces the translation aloud! The ability to pronounce English and Italian words is the distinguishing feature of this software translator. And it does so using the most advanced BST Text-to-Speech synthesis available anywhere! Now you never need to check transcriptions: simply select a word and with one click have the dictionary pronounce it for you. As part of a complete suite of language solutions, this dictionary is also capable of full integration with the LingvoSoft FlashCards and LingvoSoft Talking PhraseBook applications for added effectiveness. English, French, German, Spanish and Russian interfaces.

http://downloads.zdnet.co.uk/0,1000000375,39175942s,00.htm

English-Spanish Pro Dictionary 7.30

2007-11-08T01:45:00.000-08:00

This is a software bundle consisting of the rich bilingual dictionary database English-Spanish Pro and an innovative dictionary viewer MSDict. English-Spanish Pro Dictionary contains over 38,388 entries and 19,801 articles presented in rich text format articles. The dictionary is a wonderful bilingual reference tool and can be used both by beginners and advanced English learners.

Each dictionary article includes headword pronunciation, part of speech description, inflected forms, and example phrases and sentences. Alternative meaning for each word are provided. There are several colour schemes among which you can select the one that best suits to your preferences. English-Spanish Pro Dictionary uses a new compression algorithm, which allows much more data to be stored at less space. Compression ratio reaches more than 50% and still the dictionary works astonishingly fast.

http://downloads.zdnet.co.uk/0,1000000375,39165743s,00.htm

MSDict English-German Pro Dictionary 7.40

2007-11-08T01:44:00.000-08:00

This is a software bundle consisting of the rich bilingual dictionary database. English-German Pro Dictionary contains over 50813 words and 23343 articles presented in rich text format articles. The dictionary is a wonderful bilingual reference tool and can be used both by beginners and advanced English learners. Each dictionary article includes headword pronunciation, part of speech description, inflected forms, example phrases and sentences. There are several colour schemes among which you can select the one that best suits to your preferences. English-German Pro Dictionary uses a new compression algorithm, which allows much more data to be stored at less space. Compression ratio reaches more than 50% and still the dictionary works astonishingly fast. MSDict is an innovative dictionary viewer featuring unique compresion and search algorithms and with user-friendly interface and amazing speed.

Version 7.40 may include unspecified updates, enhancements, or bug fixes.

http://downloads.zdnet.co.uk/0,1000000375,39169308s,00.htm

English-Japanese Kana Talking Dictionary 2006 3.1.41

2007-11-08T01:43:00.000-08:00

The Talking Dictionary 2006 English <-> Japanese Kana for Windows is part of a unique suite of language learning applications for your PC. It provides bi-directional word translation and advanced synthesis of English and Japanese speech. The dictionary is easy to install and use on your desktop computer. It translates in both directions between English and Japanese and pronounces the translation aloud. The ability to pronounce English and Japanese words is the distinguishing feature of this software translator.

And it does so using the most advanced BST Text-to-Speech synthesis available anywhere. Now you never need to check transcriptions: simply select a word and with one click have the dictionary pronounce it for you. As part of a complete suite of language solutions, this dictionary is also capable of full integration with the LingvoSoft FlashCards and LingvoSoft Talking PhraseBook applications for added effectiveness.

http://downloads.zdnet.co.uk/0,1000000375,39187290s,00.htm

LingvoSoft English-Portuguese Talking Dictionary 3.1.41

2007-11-08T01:39:00.000-08:00

Revision history for "BDicty Dictionary Reader for Palm OS"

2007-11-07T02:33:00.000-08:00

Version 5.9 (01 Feb 2006, free update, build 2889)

* Support for Treo 650 navigation in phrase book screen
* Evaluation with instant over-the-air registration and download of talking phrase books (same for dictionaries in next release; only on models with data connectivity like the Treo smartphones family)
* Fix: Fixes a "Fatal error" message when opening a resident lookup with a phrase book

Version 5.7 (16 Sep 2005, free update, build 2814)

* Page Up/Page Down buttons added for better navigation in the list of available words.
* Support for bold font in articles
* Support for left-to-right text in articles (useful for Hebrew, Arabic dictionaries)
* Active lexicon information display (version, copyright carrier, etc.) via new command in the Lexicon menu
* Fix: Improved reliability in handling long dictionary file names

Version 5.5 (06 Sep 2004, free update, build 2437)

* New: Support for International Phonetic Alphabet based pronunciations added; currently available for English languages only
* New: Support for color tagging of output; requires downloading of updated lexicon file versions; not yet available in resident lookup mode
*

New: Lexicon info screen provides information of the lexicon file properties
* Fix: New dictionary sort rules provide better experience for certain languages (Spanish, French); requires updating (re-downloading) the dictionary lexicons with newer versions (2.0 or higher)
* Fix: Preserves the selected word when switching form resident to full screen mode
* Fix: Most recently words list is now fully functional (no more limits to jumps outside of the current dictionary lexicon)

Version 5.4 (12 Feb 2004, free update, build 2245)

* New: Full text search within dictionary articles (for dictionaries) and phrases (for phrasebook lexicons); STRONGLY advised to use only on fast ARM-based devices
In this build, the search is case sensitive and only available in standard views (not available in resident view); search progress is not displayed (this speeds up the search).
Note the dual function of the find button: a quick single tap versus holding it down for a short while before releasing it. See documentation for details.
* Fix: On Treo 600, when operating talking phrasebooks one can now push the rocker to play the phrase (this feature has been working fine on other devices)

Version 5.3 (07 Jan 2004, free update, build 2197)

* New: Support for portrait and landscape modes (Palm Tungsten T3, Sony Clie NR/NX/UX series)
* New: Treo 600 resident invocation via hotkeys introduced (will also work on other OS 5 devices without command bar)
* Fix: Significant stability improvement for ARM devices (the infamous "fatal error" when switching lexicons now gone)
* Fix: 5-way navigator's action button (Palm Tungsten devices) can now be used to switch between word/article fields

Version 5.2 (26 June 2003, free update)

* New: Native ARM code for dictionary decompression on Palm OS 5.x devices
* Fix: Finally, a small icon was added
* Fix: Fixed bug preventing scrolling up on some rare occasions
* Fix: Fixed a problem causing the resident lookup function to trucate words starting or ending with accented characters
* Fix: Fixed a problem requiring exact word spelling ("Moses" vs "moses"); special thanks to Demetrio Voulgaris
* Fix: Text selection background changed to light gray on monochrome devices.
* Fix: Fixed a problem preventing displaying multiple empty lines (hard line feeds)
* Fix: Misc other UI improvements (HR icon transparency etc.)

Version 5.05 (07 February 2003, free update)

* Fix: Requirement for Palm OS 3.5 is now correctly enforced thus preventing crashes when BDicty is run on older devices.
* Fix: Dynamic screen resize issue fixed on Sony Clie devices with 320x480 resolution; stretch to normal screen, then tap the global Find, then stretch to full screen; if the display is confusing you need this update!
* Fix: Copy and Copy Translation menu commands work as supposed in Phrasebook view
* Change: Typing delay before word lookup starts is decreased by 40% to 600 ms

Version 5.0 (02 January 2003, free update)

* New: BDicty 5.0 requires Palm OS 3.5 or higher; sorry about that, we have prolonged the support for older devices as much as we could.
* New: The article field has now been implemented as graphical control; this will allow the program to introduce rich text output (colors, styles, pronounciations) in future releases; note the custom text field is for now only available in the standard view, the resident mode still uses classic text field from Palm OS;
* New: Four different fonts are now available for selection instead of three;
* New: Support for high-resolution fonts on Sony Clie - there is a new checkbox in the general preferences to indicate if you want to use these or the standard fonts;
* New: New icons for high-resolution devices and sime minor changes (see below)
* New: Support for 320x320 and 320x480 on Sony Clie!
* New: On Palm Tungsten, the selector button can now be used to play selected phrase from a talking phrasebook
* Change: The article field's font in the resident view is now fixed to the standard Palm OS font
* Change: The button for adding/editing article is now a pen instead of the classic "record" symbol
* Fix: The resident lookup through the command bar had been malfunctioning and sometimes blocking the device requiring soft reset; this has now been fixed.
* Fix: Resident lookup icon disappearing problem resolved upon installing the lexical files

Version 4.95 (1 November 2002, free update)
This is the last BDicty version to work below Palm OS 3.5!

* New: Support for talking phrasebooks; note that Sony Clie devices running OS 4.x and all devices running OS 5.0 (including the new Clies) require different sound databases in order to operate
* Fix: Occasional fatal error when doing resident lookup from a form that does not have text fields (thanks to our customer Gert Caspersen for his persistancy!)
* Fix: Jog dial support updated for Palm OS 5.0 devices;

Version 4.92 (19 August 2002, free update)

* Fix: Article size limit inreased according to the new needs of medical and megal dictionaries
* Fix: Fatal error "MQWin.c, Line:634, unlock out of sync? addresses reset too soon" now fixed; used to appear upon resident invokation in certain high resolution applications, mostly on Sony Clie

Version 4.9 (16 July 2002, free update)
Special thanks to Stephen Byers, Scott Almas, John King, Joe Tanzola, Dan Crews, Charles Fishburn and all others who provided valuable feedback!

* New: Resizable view panes introduced; feature requires Palm OS version 3.1 or higher in order to operate, on 3.0 the panes will be still fixed.
* Fix: Display flickering problem upon application startup fixed
* Fix: The famous "Fatal Error" when invoking Categoris from within the Application Launcher throgh the command bar is now fixed
* Fix: Smart View mode bug fixed - used to NOT switch the view mode after a word was found and then changed to unknown entry
* Fix: Upon resident invokation BDicty automatically takes the underlying field selection if possible
* Fix: Leading and trailing punctuational characters now automatically removed during resident invokation (except when coming from the clipboard)

Version 4.81 (24 May 2002, free update)

* New: Alternate resident lookup invokation methods - hotkeys or command bar; support for Handspring Treo resident invokation
* New: Cross-lookup button for faster reverse or related lookups; see manual for more details
* Updated: Updated user manual
* Fixed: A bug when the program was launched from a media card.
* Fixed: Resident mode will now ONLY be operational when the program resides in RAM

Version 4.7 (05 April 2002, free update)
This is an intermediate release reflecting many of the internal program improvements; many new features are still hidden for the sake of backward compatibility or program stability. More updates with some long-awaited and some surprising features are to be expected soon.

* New: Compliance with the requirements for the upcoming PalmOS 5.0
* New: Resident lookup method significantly improved and standartized for devices running Palm OS 3.5 or higher
* New: Dictionary browsing
* New: Support for jog dial
* New: Resident lookup screen navigation buttons (copy, paste, etc.)
* New: Indication and switcher button for custom/stock articles
* New: Program hints
* New: New/edit article screen
* New: Multiple preference screens organized by topics
* New: Customizable media sources, including dedicated dictionaries directory on external card (great startup speed improvement!)
* New: Customizable startup options to reduce startup time for advance users
* New: Word of the day
* New: Multiple internal changes/updates resulting in more stable program behavior
* New: Completely new user manual
* Fixed: Limited/incorrect list of dynamic words while typic; fixed due to the new browsing feature, which does not limit the amount of displayed entries
* Improved: Temporary program freezing while entering word; the issue is completely addressed in next release, but has been improved in this one too.

Version 4.6 (01 June 2001, free update)

* Support and full compliance with PalmOS 4.0, including media cards (MC and SD); all lexicons can now be installed and reside on SD or MC card!
* Misc. internal updates: does not require soft reset upon installation any more, lexicons list is collected faster and more secure, does not delete unlicensed lexicons automatically.

Version 4.5 (01 Oct 2000, free update)

* Lookup feature from within other PalmOS programs introduced
* Support for PalmType enhanced (now PalmType gets automatically activated when BDicty is active)
* Most recently used words list introduced
* Most recently used words list introduced

Version 4.0 (20 March 2000, free update)

* Support for topic dictionaries (phrase books, travel dictionaries etc.)
* Horizontal / Vertical display modes.
* Smart View mode
* Automatic user dictionaries backup during HotSync®.
* Availability online anytime (downloadable from the net)

Version 3.5 (25 July 1999, free update)

* Enhanced support for foreign languages.
* Improved interface - users can now choose between two modes of the display - wider description field or wider list of words
* Persistency - BDicty now remembers its mode when left and restores it the next time being run.

Version 3.0 (26 June 1999, free update)

* Version for OEM distribution in Russia.
* Support for ROM-based lexicons

Version 2.0 (1 April 1999, free update)

* Support for multiple lexicons
* Search speed optimized

Version 1.0 (8 March 1999, Initial release)

http://www.beiks.com/palmzonebg/Revisions.asp?ProdID=1

SlovoEd dictionary for SE M600i

2007-11-07T02:32:00.000-08:00

The 'for Symbian OS' logo* means SlovoEd for UIQ 3.0 by Epocware has been successfully tested in Symbian Signed. For more information visit www.symbiansigned.com.

SlovoEd SE M600i dictionary is the first software you should install after your purchase of a mobile phone.

Read, work, study and travel with a reliable dictionary in your pocket from the most distinguished language reference such as Merriam-Webster Inc., Van Dale Lexicografie BV, Larousse Editiorial, S.L., MAGENTA LTD, LingoMAXX, MediaLingua. Most dictionaries contain detailed information such as transcription, usage notes, grammatical information, lots of examples and color markup to satisfy all you needs.

Paragon Software SlovoEd dictionary engine is one of the most respected brands in the translation software industry. It has been top-ranked and best-selling solution since its initial release in 2000.

Easy-to-use interface, rapid access, precise translations and unique compression technology turn foreign language into almost native mother tongue.

SlovoEd dictionary engine was developed with active assistance and support from the world’s famous mobile phones brand Sony Ericsson. Elaborations of Paragon Company are always up-to-date. The release of the new dictionary is connected with the new Sony Ericsson devices entering the market. As soon as the new Sony Ericsson models are released SlovoEd would become a must for your smartphone.
SlovoEd SE M600i dictionaries offers you different functions and options

* Rapid access to database, low memory consumption due to unique compression technology that provides you with high data compression ratio (100,000 entries in 600 KB) to help you wisely manage your time
* Dictionary installation on memory cards to save main memory-space for another programs and applications
* Quick search of frequently used words from the 15 words list to see the translation for any word from the history again at any time
* Cross-lookup feature between articles and directions to check your comprehension
* Optional letter size and color markup to set customer interface in accordance with your taste
* Several dictionaries installation with the various languages choice (rapid switch amongst dictionaries available, dictionary activation/deactivation option)
* Get more from the SE dictionary by creating your own personal word database with the SlovoEd Studio utility and discover other SlovoEd features

Dictionary interface is available in English, French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish, Greek and Dutch.
SlovoEd Sony Ericsson UIQ 3.0 dictionary is available in three main editions:

SlovoEd DeLuxe includes the fullest and most detailed translation articles with usage samples, synonyms and antonyms, references and transcriptions and other important information and is an excellent solution for professional linguists, translators and advanced users.

SlovoEd Classic includes a considerable number of translations, an extended dictionary articles with basic references and will become an irreplaceable comprehensive assistant for business, travel and study.

SlovoEd Compact occupies minimal memory space on your device, includes the most common translations with clear, concise definitions and can be useful for language introduction during a journey abroad and ideal for advanced users’ reading needs.

http://se-m600i-software.epocware.com/SlovoEd.html

SlovoEd Classic English-Latin & Latin-English dictionary for Palm OS

2007-11-07T02:29:00.000-08:00

SlovoEd is a series of best-selling translation and explanatory dictionaries for Palm OS containing over 130 high quality word-bases for about 30 languages from the world most distinguished language reference publishers. All SlovoEd dictionaries for Palm OS work under the powerful SlovoEd application engine developed in strict accordance with the design philosophy of Palm OS from the undisputed leader on mobile software market Paragon Software GmbH.

Work more effectively and conveniently with the rich-functional Palm OS dictionary engine supporting unique low memory consumption technology and high access rate. You will find any information 100 times faster than using a paper dictionary! User-friendly program interface with different color schemes and on 8 European languages is provided for your comfort.

SlovoEd Classic includes the considerable number of translations, an extended dictionary articles with basic references and will become an irreplaceable comprehensive assistant for business, travel and study.
English-Latin-English word database is provided by Ula company. It contains 40528 entries.
English-Latin dictionary - 24410 entries.
Latin-English dictionary - 16118 entries.

Read books, documents and web-pages from your PDA and get word translations quickly when needed by using the Resident hot-key without leaving your active application. So you do not need to waste time on opening a program!

The built-in morphology module for English, Russian and Spanish languages will help you to find translation even if the search words appear in different grammatical forms.

Learn your chosen language in the easiest and most effective way using SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary. Learn something new and interesting every day with the 'Word of the Day' feature and quiz yourself with the words you have added to Flash Cards from the dictionary.

Get more from the Palm OS dictionary by adding or modifying your own word definitions, creating your own personal word data base with the SlovoEd Studio utility and discover other SlovoEd features.

Features:

* Optional sound modules enable you to listen words pronunciations. These are pre-recorded native speakers voice fragments in live speech quality. Available for English, French, Spanish and Italian.
* The built-it morphology module with 2 million word origins and synonyms in all dictionaries for English, Spanish and Russian.
* Word transcriptions and numerous language references in most dictionary articles
* Translation of words in any grammatical form from any active application without switching directly to the Palm OS dictionary
* List of English irregular verbs in all dictionaries for English
* SlovoEd dictionary is not only a dictionary but an independent language learning tool. SlovoEd provides two methods of learning new words specially designed for language learners: "Flash Card Quiz" and "Word of the day"
* Five dictionary color schemes are available
* Possibility to install dictionary to Palm OS expansion cards (Memory Stick, Compact Flash, SD Cards, MMC)
* Possibility to install several dictionary word databases at the same time. For example you can install SlovoEd English dictionary, English-Spanish-English dictionary and work with them concurrently.
* Possibility to change dictionary with built-in editor (edit/remove existing entries and add new ones, activate/deactivate all changes of entries and synchronize changes with desktop computer
* Possibility to create your own personal word data base with the SlovoEd Studio utility
* Built-in help (tips) and up-to-date documentation are provided in all SlovoEd packages.
* Cross-look up feature and search history (list of words that you searched recently)
* Full-screen mode to show the translations

Minimum Requirements:

* Palm OS 4.0 and higher

Have a technical support question?

http://software.brighthand.com/product.asp?id=6091

Bouvier's Law Dictionary for Palm OS 1.8

2007-11-07T02:27:00.000-08:00

The law dictionary lexicon for BDicty is based on the sixth edition (1856) of John Bouvier's law dictionary. This is a classic reference material for students and legal professionals, but can also be of interest to all information junkies. The bundle includes the Pro version of BDicty Dictionary Reader, making it appropriate for extending with other legal, language, medical and entertainment titles. The full version lexicon features over 6,500 legal terms.

Version 1.8 offers full text search within dictionary articles (for dictionaries) and phrases (for phrasebook lexicons). Note the dual function of the find button: a quick single tap versus holding it down for a short while before releasing it.

CNET Networks is not responsible for the content of this Publisher's Description. We encourage you to determine whether this product or your intended use is legal. We do not encourage or condone the use of any software in violation of applicable laws. Any questions, complaints or claims related to any specific download should be directed to the relevant vendor.

http://www.zdnet.com.au/downloads/0,139024478,10280124s,00.htm

The Updated GonMad Cumbrian Dictionary

2007-11-07T02:25:00.000-08:00

Welcome to the Cumbrian Slang Dictionary. As a Cumbrian ex-pat I felt it was my duty to play my own part in keeping the Cumbrian language alive. Old Cumbrian is spoken by very few these days, so I don't want to see new Cumbrian go the same way ( or "gan the same wah" as a cumbrian would say.)
Admittedly, this dictionary blurs the distinction between Cumbrian and West-Cumbrian which are different dialects of the same language. In fact you may even find some words which are common to other dialects, such as nowt which crops up in the Yorkshire dialect also. I don't claim that Cumbrians invented these words, I'm just saying we use them. If you want to argue about it, get yourself up to Whitehaven on Black-eye Friday, stand outside the Whitehouse or Cap'n Senny's at kicking out time, and let's see if you can convince someone then..

http://www.gonmad.co.uk/cumbria/

SCOPE OF THE DICTIONARY

2007-11-07T02:22:00.000-08:00

'The circle of the English language,' observed the editors of the Oxford English Dictionary, 'has a well-defined centre but no discernible circumference.'1 Although this is especially true of the enormous subject to which the OED and its Supplements are addressed, any dictionary that sets out to describe the word-stock of a nation, or even of a region, within a world-wide speech-community such as that of English must also face, though of course on a much reduced scale, the practical problem of delimiting the lexicon, of marking its boundaries.

One common procedure2 is to confine attention to words or expressions which originate in a given country; but while this focuses clearly on the central nucleus of a distinctive vocabulary it does not, perhaps, allow sufficiently for such nice problems as the overlap of that vocabulary with other English-speaking communities, consideration of special senses or high frequencies of occurrence and so on. Much closer to a solution of the problem, in our experience, is the formulation by the editors of the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles3 (DC) who define a 'Canadianism' as a 'word, expression, or meaning which is native to Canada or which is distinctively characteristic of Canadian usage though not necessarily exclusive to Canada.' This definition emerges from the basic procedure of the editors who instead of focusing exclusively on a vocabulary of 'Canadianisms,' however defined, shift the emphasis to the corpus of works read in collecting for the dictionary, confining themselves 'to source materials written by persons native to or resident in Canada who were writing about Canadian life or by travellers and other visitors to Canada who were commenting on their experiences in this country.' This is an important innovation which recognizes that the English language overseas, wherever it is spoken, is not a completely different or new language. Indeed, the special contribution of each country or region in new words and expressions, though often numerically large, constitutes a relatively small proportion of the total vocabulary, and to confine attention to it as an index of national or regional usage is to ignore the subtle issues of the frequency, popularity and semantic nuance of certain lexical items otherwise common to all English speakers.

It is the purpose of the Dictionary of Newfoundland English to present as one such index the regional lexicon of one of the oldest overseas communities of the English-speaking world: the lexicon of Newfoundland and coastal Labrador as it is displayed in the sources drawn upon in compiling the work, sources which range from sixteenth-century printed books to tape recordings of contemporary Newfoundland speakers. Rather than attempting to define a 'Newfoundlandism' our guiding principles in collecting have been to look for words which appear to have entered the language in Newfoundland or to have been recorded first, or solely, in books about Newfoundland; words which are characteristically Newfoundland by having continued in use here after they died out or declined elsewhere, or by having acquired a different form or developed a different meaning, or by having a distinctly higher or more general degree of use.

Thus, among the latter are articles on such words as cod, haul, quintal, salt water; articles on bawn, belay, cassock, cat, dog, graple, lanch, room, strouter, and tilt, for words which have been given a new form or meaning in the region; on droke, dwy, fadge, frore, keecorn, linny, nish, still, suant, as examples of the many survivals, or, equally common, dialectal items in use, or former use, in the British Isles; on bawk, caplin, janny, landwash, nunny-bag, penguin, steady, sunker, ticklace and water-horse among words apparently invented in Newfoundland or appearing first in books about the region. And to these are to be added a number of words which, while they are often in varying degrees part of the common English vocabulary, are nevertheless given entries in the Dictionary because they occur with important nuances in Newfoundland usage, are displayed with unusual fullness in our data, or themselves stand at the centre of semantic fields of great regional importance: barren, bay, coast, harbour, ice, salt, ship, shore, spring, trap, water, and so on. These take their place in the Dictionary side by side with many other words the precise regional discriminations of which have often been hard won--subtle, but critical, terms such as in and out, offer and outside, up and down, which display a people's exact sense of place; terms such as bank, berth, ground, fouly, ledge, shoal, etc, which reflect a complex system of classification of water bodies according to the types of ocean floor perceived by and significant for a coastal fishing people; names for birds and plants, especially those of economic or other importance; the seemingly endless nomenclature of seals at every stage of growth and development (bedlamer, dotard, gun seal, jar, nog-head, ragged-jacket, turner, white-coat, and a score of others); words for conditions of ice (ballicatter, clumper, quarr, sish, slob); and names for familiar operations in the woods or on the water, at work or play, in the ordinary and long-established patterns of Newfoundland and Labrador life.

The Dictionary therefore has both a breadth and a detail considerably greater than we originally envisaged, and this realization has been forced upon us by the evidence at our disposal and has increased with the progress of the work. The levels and kinds of lexical record included might be displayed graphically as a series of concentric rings spreading out from a centre, these rings formed by successive stages of the historical experience of English-speakers in Newfoundland; or as a series of isoglosses marking the special lexical features shared by Newfoundland speakers with those of their principal points of origin, especially the south-west counties of England and southern Ireland, and, across the Western Ocean, with those with whom Newfoundlanders have been in language contact: the native peoples of the region (adikey, oo-isht, sina, tabanask), speakers in the Canadian North (fur, stove cake, trap line), along the Atlantic seaboard of North America from Nova Scotia to New England (banker, dory, gangeing, scrod, trawl, tub), and in a sea-faring world which has left a ubiquitous record of nautical terms and nautical transfers in the regional lexicon.

From a certain point of view, therefore, the work is presented as a regional parallel with the Dictionary of American English (1938-44), the Dictionary of Canadianisms, the Dictionary of Jamaican English (1967), and other dictionaries of branches of the language overseas planned or in progress for Australia and South Africa; but equally it supplements the OED itself, Wright's English Dialect Dictionary (1898-1905), glossaries of Anglo-Irish, and numerous specialist works on the vocabulary of fishing and logging, the language of seamen and seamanship, and the lexicons of other specific activities.

The sometimes elaborate apparatus presented in the headnotes to the Dictionary articles reflects this conception of the work: it has grown out of an attempt to display the sources and affiliations of the Newfoundland vocabulary, as well as to document and clarify the substantial core of words unique to the region. The references to other dictionaries reflect the careful winnowing process by which, over a number of years, the editors have developed and applied a collaborative sense of what the Dictionary should include and what it should omit. Important factors in our selection have been the degree of frequency of comparable usage in Great Britain or continental North America; the importance of the term in the region's main occupations and traditional culture; the amount and authenticity of our evidence; the adequacy of coverage in the major historical and encyclopaedic dictionaries against which each word considered for inclusion has been checked; and even an aesthetic sense of proportion and balance in the presentation of the regional word-stock and semantics. A final motive has been a desire to establish the lexical record for Newfoundlanders themselves and their descendants, and for readers and scholars who need to know about the speech and material culture of the region, about

The ways of lobsters and tom cod, the subtle craft of dories, the topograpy of the wilderness under broad flakes, the abiding places of starfish and prickly sea-eggs, the significance of squid-squalls, and the virulence of squid,4

and about the planting, survival and adaptation of a small group of English-speakers overseas, the lexical evidence for which spans several centuries.

That evidence is drawn from sources the nature and variety of which are described elsewhere in the Introduction (SOURCES FOR THE DICTIONARY). It is of a kind which has led us in the Dictionary articles to avoid usage labels such as 'slang,' 'dialectal,' 'colloquial,' or 'literary' in the conviction that Newfoundland usage forms a continuum of cultivated and popular speech which the use of such labels distorts. We have similarly eschewed labelling words as 'historical,' 'archaic,' or 'obsolete' not because all the words in the Dictionary are in living use but because we have been too often surprised by the occurrence of terms, long absent from the printed record, on the lips of contemporary Newfoundlanders to be confident of making definitive statements on such matters.

Figure 1

The file of evidence upon which the Dictionary has been built is considerably larger than that portion which is displayed in the articles and listed in the BIBLIOGRAPHY. It may be represented in the form of a diagram (Figure 1). A large number of words collected over the years have been excluded on the grounds that they seem, on balance, adequately covered in other dictionaries. Among these are certain words and idioms of considerable regional celebrity to which the recent advent of the electronic mass media has given an exaggerated currency and which, on examination, we do not find to be distinctive (proper thing, rampike, up she comes). Many other words have also been withheld because, on the evidence available to us, they seemed of extremely limited currency, often confined to single reports. These await the collection of further evidence. We have also, naturally, exercised judgment in selecting from our basic file of lexical material the amount of illustrative quotation for inclusion in the work. However, the complete file of material is to be preserved for the use of other students of the language.

Our judgement of the proper scope of this Dictionary will not command assent in every detail. But each decision has been made on the basis of all the evidence available to us: on our very large accumulation of field data, and on the reading and experience of the editors. Whatever the debate engaged in during the process of editorial selection, the decisions have all, in the end, been made with unanimity.

http://www.heritage.nf.ca/dictionary/d2ction.html

PALM OS DICTIONARY FEATURES

2007-11-06T02:37:00.000-08:00

SlovoEd Palm dictionary is your mobile dictionary, personal language tutor and language laboratory! Every time and everywhere you can not only translate words in any form, but also enrich your active vocabulary and improve your pronunciation!

* Find more ways to improve you grammatical skills with SlovoEd dictionary! There are transcriptions, base lexical morphology information and irregular verbs table (for English) in most of the dictionaries.
* Improve you pronunciation while reading the transcriptions and listening to the voice samples.
* Learn the new words with two methods specially designed for language learners: "Flash Card Quiz” and “Word of the Day”.

Get more from the dictionary with advanced SlovoEd features set.

Morphology Module

for English, Spanish and Russian languages

Morphology Module is the newest feature included in SlovoEd dictionary for Palm OS. With the help of Morphology Module you can get the translation of the words entered in any form. (For example, if you use plural nouns and adjectives, different verb forms and so on).

Most of the words you come across in the text are occur in various morphological forms. So the Morphology Module allows you to use the Resident Mode of the dictionary more effectively when working with foreign literature and will be useful for those users who have just begun learning language.

Compatibility:

Morphology Modules are supported on all Palm OS 5.0 devices.

Sound Module

for English, German, French, Spanish and Italian

Sound Modules enable you to listen to pre-recorded native speakers’ pronunciation of the words that dictionary contains. Sound modules are provided now for English, German, Spanish, French and Italian languages.

Sound Module is included in all Talking dictionaries by default.

If you have purchased the dictionary without Sound Module you can install it additionally anytime. Sound modules are available for the full Deluxe versions (20 000 words) as well as for Compact versions (5 000 words) that contain only the most frequently used word pronunciations.

Sound Module

Compatibility:

Sound Modules for SlovoEd dictionary are supported on Palm OS 5.0 devices except Tungsten T, Zire 22 and Sony Clie devices.

Resident Mode

Resident mode is the usage mode of the dictionary that allows you to get the translation while working in another application, without exiting the program you are working in. To view the translation select the word, and invoke the Resident using one of the methods described in the section "Resident options" in the SlovoEd dictionary menu.

The Resident window will appear in the bottom of the screen. If the word you are looking for is present in the dictionary, you will see its translation. Otherwise, the words that are close to this word in the dictionary list or its base form from Morphology Module will be shown.

Learning tools

Irregular verbs table

A table of irregular verbs with several sorting options is available in English dictionaries. Knowing only one form of the verb you will be able to find the others quickly. Several sorting possibilities will help to find the verb form you need.

Word of the Day

Word of the Day is another word-learning option of the program. Each day a word is chosen at random from the dictionary and shown on the start of the program. Word of the Day gives you an opportunity to learn a new word each day without having to select it from the dictionary wordlist.

Word of the Day in SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary

Flash Cards Quiz

Flash Cards Quiz enables you to add new words to flash cards and pass a quiz on them. You can pass a quiz as many times as you wish. On the basis of statistics the program will decide what words you have learned. The more you give the right translation of the certain word, the less you will be asked to translate this word.

Flash Cards Quiz in SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary

Dictionary editor

You can modify the dictionary databases of the SlovoEd program by adding new entries or editing the existing entries with the build-in dictionary editor. All you need is to select “Add/Edit entry” option in the dictionary menu. The procedure of adding an entry is similar to the procedure of editing an entry. The only difference is that when you add a new entry you will be prompted to type in the entry title before you proceed to the window where you can edit the text of the entry.

Dictionary editor in SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary

In order to create your personal word data base and use it with other SlovoEd dictionaries you can use our special utility SlovoEd Studio .

Interface features

SlovoEd dictionary for Palm OS interface is available in English, Spanish, German, French, Italian, Dutch, Greek and Russian. You are enabled to switch interface language "in passing", without re-installation of SlovoEd dictionary engine. You can also choose one of five color schemes and set the appropriate font size of the SlovoEd dictionary article.

SlovoEd dictionary for Palm OS

Other SlovoEd features

Besides, with SlovoEd you get:

* search history (list of words that you searched recently)
* ability to install SlovoEd Palm OS dictionary on any expansion card - Memory Stick, Compact Flash, SD Cards, MMC, etc.
* ability to install several language pairs databases at the same time. For example you are enabled to install Spanish-German and French-Italian dictionaries for Palm OS and change between them without any re-installation
* high retrieval rate
* phonetic transcription in a dictionary entry (for some dictionaries)
* convenient visual layout and multicolour formatting of word entries, hyperlinks between entries
* full-screen mode to show translations

http://palm-dictionaries.penreader.com/articles/Features.html

Dictionary of New Testament Background

2007-11-06T02:36:00.000-08:00

Craig A. Evans and Stanley E. Porter, eds., Dictionary of New Testament Background. Downers Grove and Leicester: IVP, 2000. xxxiv + 1328 pp. $39.95 ISBN 0-8308-1780-8.

The latest in IVP's series of New Testament dictionaries is the most prodigious to date. After largely reviewing matters of introduction and theology in the Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, the Dictionary of Paul and His Letters, and the Dictionary of Later New Testament and Its Developments, now we have wide-ranging and masterful articles on just about any topic of historical background one could imagine. Approximately 300 articles from 150 contributors range from as few as 500 words to over 10,000 in length.

All of the major Old Testament apocryphal and pseudepigraphal books, along with many major and minor sectarian documents from Qumran receive individual articles. So too does Josephus, Philo and, treated in one article apiece, since they largely postdate the New Testament, the apocryphal gospels, the apocryphal acts and epistles, the Gnostic literature, and the Apostolic Fathers. The Rabbinic literature is surveyed in four treatments-on midrashim, Mishnah and Tosefta, targumim and Talmud. There are entries on genres and forms of literature (e.g., apocalyptic, vice and virtue lists), as well as rhetorical devices (e.g., diatribe).

Contributors and topics well represent the explosion of social-scientific approaches to the New Testament. One can learn about patronage and benefaction as well as more well-known social institutions: marriage and the family, children, women, slavery or friendship. Short articles treat interesting sidelights such as banquets, circuses, and the arenas as well as major social forces on ancient culture (e.g., education or economics).

Almost every major Roman city and province related in some way to the New Testament receives an article, many by long time Wheaton professor John McRay, who also pens the overall detailed study of archaeology. Major articles appear on numerous large topics of philosophy, history, politics, literature, interpretation of Scripture and scholarship more generally. under headings beginning either with "Jewish," "Hellenistic" (or "Greek") or "Roman."

Occasionally articles seem more theological than the rest, but even then background issues come to the fore, as with the Holy Spirit, the Law or resurrection. Special topics not as commonly studied by New Testament students often have particularly useful surveys, as with art and architecture, music and coinage.

A preponderance of evangelical scholars punctuates the list of contributors, but the editors do not hesitate to enlist experts on each topic regardless of their theological persuasion. For example, Mormon BYU professor Stephen Robinson writes on the pseudepigraphal apocalypses of Abraham and Zephaniah. A number of the authors are world-class experts in their areas (e.g., John Collins on apocalyptic and eschatology, David Aune on Greco-Roman religion or Jacob Neusner on the Mishnah and Tosefta), while many are newer scholars still in the process of making an impact on their respective fields but with all the prospects of doing so (e.g., Clayton Croy on Epicureanism and Neo-Pythagoreanism, Bruce Fisk on the Rewritten Bible in Pseudepigrapha and Qumran and Wendy Porter on creeds, hymns and music).

Not surprisingly, the two editors and several of their colleagues at their respective institutions write the largest number of articles: Craig Evans, long distinguished in the field of Qumran research, along with fellow Trinity Western professors in their Dead Sea Scrolls Institute, Martin Abegg and Peter Flint (and Michael Wise who does not teach there), account for a substantial majority of the articles on Qumran and its literature. In keeping with his far more widely ranging interests and previous writings, Stan Porter (husband of the aforementioned Wendy Porter) pens treatments of topics as diverse as NT chronology, Greco-Roman festivals and holy days; Greek grammar, inscriptions and papyri, Latin language, ancient versions of the New Testament in languages other than Greek, the Septuagint and textual criticism. Porter's junior colleague at the University of Surrey in London, Brook Pearson, also contributes a substantial number of shorter pieces with considerable acumen (Alexander the Great, Antioch, Aristobulus, Associations, etc.).

Some of the entries prove simply outstanding (e.g., Craig Keener's overviews of adultery and divorce, family and household, friendship, marriage and head coverings, replete with the voluminous references to primary source material for which his scholarship has become known). Most are very solid and informative, state-of-the art in coverage, ample in bibliography and even-handed in assessing the evidence. Some represent the drastic abridgment of book-length works (e.g., Scot McKnight on Jewish proselytism); others reflect fresh research that could merit expansion into book-length works (e.g., D. A. Carson on pseudonymity and psuedepigraphy).

Occasionally an author will tout his idiosyncratic perspective in a way that makes the article less what one would expect in a reference work like a dictionary (e.g., Bruce Chilton in his understanding of Jesus and the early church with respect to the purity laws of Judaism). Interestingly, with a couple of Chilton's articles and a handful of other pieces scattered throughout the volume, the editors did not hesitate to compose additional paragraphs and intersperse them throughout the articles with brackets at the end of each author's section letting one know who wrote what.

Occasionally, too, the choice of a scholar generates a perspective with which most evangelicals would at least partially disagree; it is curious, for example, why Harry Gamble was asked to write on the formation of the NT canon or on literacy and book culture. The former article reads like the product of the standard liberal consensus, which is significantly flawed at several points; the latter is unaware of recent scholarship (particularly by Alan Millard and Richard Bauckham) that provides considerable evidence for a greater amount of literacy and use of books in the first-century Roman empire than is usually suspected.

With 300 opportunities one can always quibble at the selection or omission of a particular topic. Do we really need an individual article on Maria the Jewish alchemist. How many New Testament scholars have ever heard of Maria, I wonder? While other major Greco-Roman philosophies get individual treatments there is no entry on the Sophists (despite Bruce Winter's major recent work on that group). Are Tacitus and Suetonius that much more important for NT interpretation that they deserve individual articles when Herodotus and Thucydides do not? And why do we read about "Kissing" and "Milk" in separate articles, good though they are? (Love and water appear far more commonly in the New Testament, in theologically loaded texts, but do not have discrete discussions surrounding them.)

Perhaps more substantively, do so many of the newly translated Dead Sea Scroll fragments, some so corrupt that we are unsure even of their plots or contents in any detail, deserve separate articles when several of the shorter works in Charlesworth's standard two-volume translation of the pseudepigrapha are passed over without comment? The editors' response no doubt would be that pre-Christian datings are at best precarious with the latter, while the new Qumran material has not yet received adequate coverage. And overall, the choices of material do remain outstanding.

There is also some inevitable repetition. The basic historical information about Palestine from Alexander the Great to Herod the Great reappears in varying lengths about a dozen times. But few readers will probably ever read even a majority of this massive tome; they will simply look up select entries, so that such repetition is probably necessary.

Abundant cross-references do already appear within existing articles and between entries, and a detailed subject index further ensures that the persistent researcher should be able to find a discussion, even if brief, of just about any topic relevant to this anthology, even if not under the first heading she tries.

This big book, then, is a one-stop-shopping reference tool for student, pastor and scholar alike and should become a high priority in one's book-buying budget. It will be a long time before anything of its magnitude, coverage, quality and "up-to-dateness" comes along again, or before anything like it will again be needed. An interesting closing sidelight is that one gets a glimpse into how long this project has been in the works when one comes across an article by Robert Guelich on the "Destruction of Jerusalem," updated by editor Evans, and recalls that Guelich passed away in the early 1990s!

http://www.denverseminary.edu/article/dictionary-of-new-testament-background

Inuktitut Dictionary

2007-11-06T02:35:00.000-08:00

(1) This dictionary covers practically all the words generally used by the Canadian Inuit, whose language is called Inuktitut. A certain number of words used only by local groups of Inuit have been added on account of their particular interest and usefulness.

(2) As there is no infinitive mode in Inuktitut, all the verbs are given in the indicative mode, in the third person singular. As a rule when the subject of a verb is a personal pronoun, it is not expressed but included in the verb. For instance: pissukto

(3) Besides the words that we have compiled in this dictionary, new words may be created by the use of infixes.

(4) PRONOUNCIATION. Inuktitut pronounciation does not present as much difficulty as some of the other Amerindian languages. The different letters are prounounced mostly as in Latin. Here are a few letters or sounds that present certain difficulty:

K - The k has two distinctly different pronounciations. The first one is that of the k in king, vg. ikkitit, matches; the second one is pronounced deep in the throat. It is very similar to a Kr and we have written it thus. But this
J and Y - The j and the y are interchangeable and should be pronounced as y in you.
S - The s is generally pronounced as sh, vg. amisut (amishut). Some bands in the Eskimo Point region pronounce it as an h, vg. asso (aHo).
I - the i is pronounced as ee, vg. inuk (eenuk).
U - the u is pronounced oo as in shoot, or better as in the latin "una".
NG - The ng is pronounced with a single sound, as in singing and never as in "ungodly".
DLERK - at the end of a word is pronounced likie TSLERK. It is in fact the only really difficult pronounciation, along perhaps with the KR.

(5) The use of SYLLABIC in Inuktitut. - It is well over 120 years since the syllabic system of writing was introduced in the Amerindian languages of Western Canada. Syllabic writing, however, was unknown to the Inuit as late as 1885.

The syllabic system is a very simple way of writing syllables (not letters) with signs. Although it is very practical in many ways, it is not a precise manner of writing. Indeed, it is often ambiguous.

http://explorenorth.com/articles/inukdict2.htm

Empty Nest Syndrome

2007-11-06T02:33:00.000-08:00

Definition
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Empty Nest Syndrome refers to feelings of depression, sadness, and/or grief experienced by parents and caregivers after children come of age and leave their childhood homes. This may occur when children go to college or get married. Women are more likely than men to be affected; often, when the nest is emptying, mothers are going through other significant life events as well, such as menopause or caring for elderly parents.

More mothers work these days and therefore feel less emptiness when their children leave home. Also, an increasing number of adult children between 25 and 34 are now living at home. Psychologist Allan Scheinberg notes that these "boomerang kids" want the "limited responsibility of childhood and the privileges of adulthood." Children may also return home due to economics, divorce, extended education, drug or alcohol problems or temporary transitions.
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Symptoms

Feelings of sadness are normal at this time. It is also normal to spend time in the absent child's bedroom to feel closer to him or her.

If you are experiencing empty nest syndrome, monitor your reactions and their duration. If you are feeling that your useful life has ended, or if you are crying excessively or are so sad that you don't want to see friends or go to work, you should consider seeking professional help.
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Causes

As noted earlier, when a woman is at the stage in life when her kids are leaving, she may also be going through other major changes, like dealing with menopause or coping with increasingly dependent elderly parents.

Recent research suggests that the quality of the parent-child relationship may have important consequences for both at this time. Parents gain the greatest psychological benefit from the transition to an empty nest when they have developed and maintain good relations with their children. Extreme hostility, conflict, or detachment in parent-child relations may reduce intergenerational support when it is most needed by youth during early adulthood and by parents facing the disabilities of old age.

At one time, it was commonly thought that women were particularly vulnerable to depression when their children left home, experiencing a profound loss of purpose and identity. However, studies show no increase in depressive illness among women at this stage of life.
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Treatment

When a child's departure unleashes overwhelming sadness, treatment is definitely needed. Discuss your feelings with your general practitioner as soon as possible. You may need antidepressants, and you almost certainly could use some counseling to get your feelings into perspective.

Meanwhile, look to your friends for support and be kind to yourself. There are practical things to help you feel better. For instance:

* Buy some pay-as-you-go mobile phone vouchers or prepaid calling cards for your son or daughter so that keeping in contact is financially viable.
* Try to schedule a weekly chat on the phone.
* Send your child brief e-mails of what's happening at home.
* Make care packages for your child with anything from groceries to a set of towels for her new apartment. Try not to overdo it in the beginning, and don't attach any strings to the gifts.

Time and energy that you directed toward your child can now be spent on different areas of your life. This might be an opportune time to explore or return to hobbies, leisure activities or career pursuits.

This also marks a time to adjust to your new role in your child's life as well as changes in your identity as a parent. Your relationship with your child may become more peerlike, and you will have to get used to giving your children more privacy.

Many suggest preparing for an empty nest while your children are still living with you. Develop friendships, hobbies, career, and educational opportunities. Make plans with the family while everyone is still under the same roof, so you don't regret lost opportunities: Plan family vacations, enjoy long talks, take time off from work. And make specific plans for the extra money, time, and space that will become available when children are no longer dependent on you and living at home.

Source: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

http://psychologytoday.com/conditions/emptynest.html

Fun-E-Book Dictionary

2007-11-06T02:32:00.000-08:00

This year’s leading contender for the annual internet comedy awards (if there was one), is a fellow named E.J. Kelly.

He is not the famed "Jerk" who happens to share the same last name. The mistake can be forgiven. E.J.Kelly happens to be semi retired, ex-patriot living in Madrid. The difference is he is not a millionaire and not a jerk. He is a modest fellow who has figured out how to earn a living while living the European Lifestyle. He is also known as "the Galloping Interpreneur".

How people can think he is the same person is a natural mistake. The techniques used to earn a living are the same. Writing information guides.

It turns out; E.J. Kelly has switched gears a little for his latest project.

He has written what he calls a comedic masterpiece. (His opinion).

The book entitled, The Fun-E-Book Dictionary, subtitled "Helpful e-book Tips and Terms for the Bold, Brave or Challenged".

Here is what he had to say about the new book.

From the mobile desk of the "Galloping Interpreneur";

The Dictionary is what the people have been waiting for all their internet life. It is the definitive fun collection of terms tips and phrases to get them pumped and ready, to write and sell their next e-book. They can keep it handy as a reference tool on their laptops. You never know when it will serve as a hammer for smashing writer’s block or at the very least make them smile. (Hopefully)?

The idea came about while considering my next book. Turns out it can be used as a way to brainstorm or freestyle for ideas.

Inside they can learn all about e-book terms definitions and phrases.

Yes that’s right e-books have their own vernacular (big word).

Like most folks, meaning you and me, these terms become very important, when it comes time to writing an e-book, report, guide or manual.

Given that an ordinary dictionary can be a dry subject, I did my best to bring some fun and levity, while remaining informative, with this one.

After finishing my latest e-book, it gave me a chance to unwind, let loose and get humorous. (I Think).

I originally was going to call it the funny e-book dictionary, but I put the word funny down on the screen next to e-book and came up with Fun- E. What a revelation Duh?

Here is the chance for the general masses to uncover the words, phrases and definitions of the wonderful world of e-books. This dictionary is jam packed with all the necessary information to be fully conversant at your next cocktail party.

It is guaranteed, to make you feel relaxed and confident, while discussing the subject with fellow marketers, e-book writers, techies or ordinary people.

About his style of writing, he is quoted as saying;

"Sometimes, when you write what comes out is not only original, but sometimes startling".

This dictionary is original… and it’s startling!

It is divided into three parts.

The first part is dedicated to the creative side of e-books, the second, the money side, and just for sweet measure and to get back at all those smarty pant techies who seem to know it all, included is a dictionary of technical e-book terms. I have given you extra value by writing about two or more important terms or tools. This made up for the laky "Z".

If you are an old hacker like me, (not so old) you will find it amusing or useful as a mild distraction or respite while writing your next work.

At the very least the three dictionaries will enlighten and charm the pants off of you. It can be had here. About the possible award, he says, he would be deeply honored to receive it and would dedicate it to all the e-book writers throughout the globe.

http://www.amazines.com/EBooks/article_detail.cfm/348480?articleid=348480

Inspiration: New Age Spirituality Dictionary on Inspiration

2007-11-06T02:29:00.000-08:00

Inspiration

The belief that human actions of extraordinary insight, worth or power are due to inspiration - an inflow of psychic force, life-giving breath. The idea of inspiration in Christian theology may be traced to Hebrew prophecy and to Greek philosophy.

The most important theological problems of inspiration concern the subjects, the sources, the means and the criteria of true inspiration as distinguished from false, rather than the reality if inspiration itself.

The question of the proper subject of inspiration - whether a person, a community or a book may properly be said to be inspired - has been greatly confused in history by getting involved in the problem of church authority,. thus the doctrine of the inspiration of scriptures was largely developed to secure the Roman church against Protestantism when the Protestants made claims the inspiration for their special leaders.

The doctrine that ecumenical councils or popes are inspired when speaking on matters of faith and morals was developed partly to deal with the Protestants' rigid scriptural �const itutionalism�. The problem of the source of inspiration was raised in Hebrew thought by the appearance of false prophecy, and by the consequent question for monotheism in what sense such inspiration came from God. In Christian theology the questions were to what extent the inspiring principle in the Godhead was distinct from the creating and redeeming principle, in what sense it proceeded from one or both of these. The question about the means of inspiration has been dealt with indirectly and in confusion with the question of subject and criteria.

The orthodox Protestant and Catholic churches have emphasized the importance of Scriptures, of church discipline and instruction as the ordinary means through which inspiration comes.

Mystic and sectarian groups have shown a larger interest in other means - asceticism, the practice of silence, etc. In the Protestant doctrine of the �testimony ~ the Holy Spirit�� which must accompany the reading of the word if there is to be true inspiration and in Roman as well as Eastern Catholic acceptance of monasticism the great churches have made some approach to the interests of the sects and mysticism.

Among the criteria employed by religious thought to distinguish true from false inspiration the most important are:

1) the consistency of the product of inspiration not only in itself but also and primarily with accepted norms, i. e. , with the moral laws, the �spirit of Jesus Christ,� the Scriptures, the common understanding of the community.

2) the test of true inspiration is the truth of prediction. This test, which the basis of modern science, has been used apologetically rather than critically, to validate the inspiration of scriptures, as in the argument from prophecy�;

3) disinterestedness, that is the extent to which personal interests and opinions are absent or negated in the �inspired� utterance; in the extreme form,

4) Intelligibility might be added as a fourth criterion of the validity of inspiration though not a test of its truth, since the unintelligible cannot be said to be true or false. Also, the Protestant doctrine that the Bible was written by the influence of God. It is, therefore, without error. It is accurate and authoritatively represents God's teachings. It is an illumination in that it shows us what we could not know apart from it. Believers know that the Bible is inspired, because it says so.

http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Inspiration/id/117887

Can McDonald's Alter the Dictionary?

2007-11-05T03:00:00.000-08:00

The late Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein once said that the meaning of a word was derived from the way it is used in language. Not according to McDonald's. The fast-food giant is currently lobbying dictionary publishers to change the meaning of the word McJob — or remove it altogether — on the grounds that it denigrates the company's employees.

First used some 20 years ago in the United States to describe low-paying, low-skill jobs that offered little prospect of advancement, the term McJob was popularized by the author Douglas Coupland in his 1991 slacker ode Generation X, which chronicled the efforts of a "lost" generation of twenty-somethings to escape their dead-end jobs in an attempt to find meaning in life.

In 2001, the term finally entered the Oxford English Dictionary, which defined it as "an unstimulating, low-paid job with few prospects, especially one created by the expansion of the service sector." And it has remained there ever since. But not for much longer if McDonald's gets its way.

The company is leading a "word battle" on behalf of the wider service sector. The object, according to David Fairhurst, a senior vice-president of McDonald's, is to change the definition of McJob to "reflect a job that is stimulating, rewarding ... and offers skills that last a lifetime."

At first the OED, Britain's dictionary of record, explained that it merely recorded words according to their popular usage. A statement from a company official said it was not their role to redefine meanings assigned those words according to the preferences of interest groups.

Representatives of McDonald's responded by arguing that the OED's definition was "outdated" and "insulting."

So, the OED is turning to the public, inviting people to submit opinions on the definition of a McJob: "We're analysing the situation at the moment and evidence for the usage of the word," OED representative John Simpson told TIME. "It's a continuing process."

McDonald's is hardly the first interest group to challenge the OED's chronicling of unflattering slang. Last year, Britain's Potato Council complained that the definition of couch potato implied that the nutritious tuber was inherently unhealthy, thus driving down business. Instead, the Council campaigned for the term to be replaced by couch slouch, even staging protests outside the OED's Oxford headquarters — but to no avail.

This time, however, could be different — not least because of the size of McDonald's war chest and its lobbying power. The campaign has already the garnered the support of heavyweight business figures such as Chambers of Commerce Director General David Frost. More impressively, Conservative party Member of Parliament Clive Betts last week introduced a motion into Britain's parliament condemning the pejorative use of McJob. Betts believes the OED should redefine the term: "It would be helpful if the dictionary took the lead on this. It's not a proper and true reflection of the service industry today."

But the McDonald's "word war" is hardly confined to the corridors of power. Last Friday morning in Birmingham, TIME found a McDonald's publicity team on the street, beneath an enormous TV screen atop a parked van beaming images of bright, happy McDonald's staff, urging passers-by to sign a petition to change the definition of McJob.

"We're evidence collecting", said Sue Husband, head of regional corporate communications. The street campaign will visit 40 cities and towns over the next month, culminating in a formal presentation to the OED in October.

Adds Douglas Wright, a local McDonald's franchisee, "We're trying to reenergize the definition [and] we're backed by the chamber of commerce. The support has been phenomenal."

Away from the official jamboree in Birmingham's city center, however, the enthusiasm for McJobs is more muted among some of those who actually perform them. "Pay is an issue," said Nikki, who works as a floor manager at a nearby restaurant and has two young children at home. "We work very hard here; you're on your feet eight hours a day."

Another employee, who preferred to remain anonymous, added that serving customers beat his old position as a factory sweeper. But, he added, "it's just a job."

Still, they agreed that current usage of McJob is offensive, although others say that the burger chain is missing the point: it's the job that the term describes, not the person doing it.

And it is this stress on the dignity of service industry labor that supporters of the campaign to redefine McJob like to emphasize: "Service sector employees ... should be respected and valued, not written off," said Sir Digby Jones, former chief of the Confederation of British Industry. Skeptics suggest that the language used to describe such jobs will change when the conditions and prospects associated with those jobs change. But whether the Oxford English Dictionary changes its definition of McJob may depend on the outcome of this summer's word war.

http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1628391,00.html

SlovoEd Dictionaries for Nokia 9500

2007-11-05T02:58:00.000-08:00

The 'for Symbian OS' logo* means SlovoEd 2.0 for Nokia S60 3rd Edition by Epocware has been successfully tested in Symbian Signed. For more information visit www.symbiansigned.com.

SlovoEd is a series of top-quality translation and explanatory dictionaries for Nokia smartphones and the first dictionary engine was developed under active assistance and support of Nokia world’s famous mobile phones brand. There are over 110 dictionaries available for 28 European languages.

Epocware / Paragon Software SlovoEd dictionary engine is respected translation software brand for Symbian OS smartphones, has been top-ranked and best-selling solution since its initial release in 2000. SlovoEd for Nokia 9500 is state-of-the-art.

Read, work, study and travel with a reliable dictionary in your pocket from the most distinguished language reference such as Merriam-Webster Inc., Van Dale Lexicografie BV, Larousse Editiorial, S.L., MAGENTA LTD, LingoMAXX, Russkiy yazyk Media. SlovoEd dictionaries for Nokia 9500 are developed to satisfy the most fastidious users, for both language professionals and learners, for both business applications and private usage. Most dictionaries contain detailed information such usage notes, grammatical information and a lot of examples to satisfy all you needs.

Work more effectively and faster with innovative program engine and unique compression technology that provides you with high data compression ratio. Rapid access, precise translations, optional letter size, and easy-to-use interface in 8 European languages guarantee your comfort.

Check correct word pronunciation with additional Sound Modules, containing pre-recorded voice of English, German, Spanish, Italian and French native speakers.

Get rich choice of dictionary software with detailed entries both bidirectional/unidirectional as well as general, explanatory with thesauruses and specialized (e.g. abbreviation/acronyms) dictionary.

Get more from the Nokia 9500 dictionary by creating your own personal word database with the SlovoEd Studio utility.

Besides, with SlovoEd you get:

* Collection several dictionaries databases in case it has one linguistic directions
* Search history (the list of words that you searched recently)
* Cross-lookup feature between articles and directions to check your comprehension
* Optional letter size to set customer interface in accordance with your taste
* Dictionary installation on memory cards to save main memory-space for another programs and applications
* Several dictionaries installation with the various languages choice (rapid switch amongst dictionaries available, dictionary activation/deactivation option)
* Dictionary interface available in English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Greek and Russian languages

SlovoEd Nokia 9500 dictionary is available in three main editions:

SlovoEd Deluxe includes the most full and detailed translation articles with usage samples, synonyms and antonyms, references and other important information. It is an excellent solution for professional linguists, translators and advanced users.

SlovoEd Classic includes a considerable number of translations, extended dictionary articles with basic references. Therefore it will become an irreplaceable comprehensive assistant for business, travel and study.

SlovoEd Compact occupies minimal memory space on your device, includes the most common translations with clear, concise definitions. It can be applied during a trip abroad and when reading.

http://nokia-9500-software.epocware.com/SlovoEd.html

Theological Dictionary of Rabbinic Judaism. Part 1, Principal Theological Categories

2007-11-05T02:56:00.000-08:00

Alec Gilmore, A Dictionary of the English Bible and Its Origins - Book Review

2007-11-05T02:55:00.000-08:00

Article: Digestive Diseases Dictionary

2007-11-05T02:54:00.000-08:00

This dictionary defines words that are often used when talking or writing about digestive diseases. It is designed for people who have digestive diseases and their families and friends.

The words are listed in alphabetical order. Some words have many meanings; only those meanings that relate to digestive diseases are included. A term will refer the reader to another definition only when the second definition gives additional information about a topic that is directly related to the first term.

This information is not a substitute for a visit to your doctor. Talk to a health professional if you have problems with your digestive system.

http://goldbamboo.com/topic-t3862-a15554.html

Digestive Diseases Dictionary

2007-11-05T02:52:00.000-08:00

Dictionary of New Testament Background

2007-11-03T03:35:00.000-07:00

Description

From The Publisher:

The Dictionary of New Testament Background joins the Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, the Dictionary of Paul and His Letters and the Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments as the fourth in a landmark series of reference works on the Bible. In a time when our knowledge of the ancient Mediterranean world has grown by leaps and bounds, this volume sets out for readers the wealth of Jewish and Greco-Roman background that should inform our reading and understanding of the New Testament and early Christianity. The Dictionary of New Testament Background takes full advantage of the flourishing study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and offers individual articles focused on the most important scrolls. In addition, the Dictionary encompasses the fullness of second-temple Jewish writings, whether pseudepigraphic, rabbinic, parables, proverbs, histories or inscriptions. Articles abound on aspects of Jewish life and thought, including family, purity, liturgy and messianism. The full scope of Greco-Roman culture is displayed in articles ranging across language and rhetoric, literacy and book culture, religion and cults, honor and shame, patronage and benefactors, travel and trade, intellectual movements and ideas, and ancient geographical perspectives.

No other reference work presents so much in one place for students of the New Testament. Here an entire library of scholarship is made available in summary form. The Dictionary of New Testament Background can stand alone or work in concert with one or more of its companion volumes in the series. Written by acknowledged experts in their fields, this wealth of knowledge of the New Testament era is carefully aimed at the needs of contemporary students of the New Testament. And its full bibliographies and cross-references to other volumes in the series will make it the first book to reach for in any investigation of the New Testament in its ancient setting.

FEATURES & BENEFITS

* encompasses the full scope of Greco-Roman culture
* contains bibliographies and cross-references to other
* volumes in the series
* written by acknowledged experts in their fields
* fourth volume in a landmark Bible reference series

http://www.centuryone.com/1780-8.html

Road to Mac OS X Leopard: Dictionary 2.0

2007-11-03T03:28:00.000-07:00

Apple has significantly updated Dictionary 2.0 for Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, expanding it from a simple word lookup into a complete multilingual reference tool. Here's a look at what's new in Dictionary.

Mac OS X is based on NeXTSTEP, the operating system Steve Jobs left Apple to develop back in 1986, and brought back in 1997. Nearly twenty years ago, NeXTSTEP included a "Digital Librarian" application designed to browse and hyperlink together the information in digital books. Included with the system were the complete works of Shakespeare, The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, and Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus.

Over the last two decades, NeXTSTEP sparked the development of the World Wide Web at CERN, which brought similar hyperlinked information to more mainstream computers. The RoughlyDrafted article "Safari on Windows? Apple and the Origins of the Web" described how Apple's HyperCard and Tim Berners-Lee's WWW for NeXT computers built the foundations of the open web on the Internet.

In Mac OS X Tiger, Apple reintroduced Dictionary as a system wide service. Right click on a word, and the "Look up in Dictionary" contextual menu will open the Dictionary application and present the word's listing. Control+Apple+D can also be used to look up an entry for a selected word.

Dictionary 2.0
NeXTSTEP included a "Digital Librarian".

The Dictionary application can also search for words directly, either by entering whole words into the search bar or by just typing the first few letters. This makes it easy to look up a word's spelling when the built-in spell checking service can't suggest an alternative to the badly typed word which was entered. Tiger also offers a Dictionary widget for Dashboard. Both the widget and the full blown application draw from the New Oxford American Dictionary and the Oxford American Writer's Thesaurus.

New Features in Leopard

Leopard's Dictionary 2.0 adds a Digital Librarian-like function for adding new reference works. Apple includes a new dictionary of its own marketing terms, including Rosetta, Quartz, and Exposé, although it doesn't offer to define many terms outside of product names. It also doesn't offer anything for terms such as Carbon, Darwin, or Core Graphics. Perhaps Apple should throw in a developer dictionary that might be more useful than its definitions of Cover Flow and MacBook. The Apple Dictionary also includes some oddly outdated terms such as Open Transport and A/UX.

Also included in the new Dictionary are a set of Japanese references, including the Shogakukan Daijisen Japanese dictionary, the Japanese thesaurus Shogakukan Ruigo Reikai Jiten, and the Shogakukan Progressive English-Japanese Japanese-English Dictionary. These are off by default, but can be enabled in preferences.

Dictionary 2.0

Preferences also allows users to set the English dictionary pronunciation guides to use common diacritical (?d???kritik?l) or the more formal IPA style (??da????kr?d?k?l), and to set the right click "Look up in Dictionary" function to launch the Dictionary app or to pop up a small contextual panel window (below). This feature is unchanged from Tiger.

Dictionary 2.0

Big in Japan

Once enabled, the new Japanese references appear in the Dictionary window bar. Results for a word can be isolated to a specific reference, or looked up in all enabled dictionaries at once. The Japanese dictionary gives a simple definition, while the Japanese-English dictionary provides translations for a variety of idiomatic expressions.

Dictionary 2.0

Dictionary 2.0

Wiki Wikipedia

Japanese isn't the only expansion of the Dictionary application. It also now offers to do an instantaneous online lookup of words and phrases using Wikipedia. Since Wikipedia can return results on articles in a variety of languages, the new Dictionary allows you to select which language results to view.

Dictionary 2.0

Linking the dictionary with Wikipedia is smart, because many technical terms and cultural references have extensive community-created articles that would never appear in a formal dictionary. Dictionary 2.0 displays the full text, graphics, and diagrams of Wikipedia articles, although it uses a serif font for all references. That means it doesn't look like the web version of Wikipedia, but rather like a more formal work.

The default 16 point text seems a little large for reading long articles in Wikipedia, but selecting a smaller font from the text size buttons of Dictionary's Toolbar nearly makes it too small. Since it uses a delicate font face (which appears to be Baskerville), it begins to look thin and washed out at smaller typefaces. The default font size can be set in preferences, but not the font face. That leaves Dictionary results looking distinctive and sophisticated, even if you'd personally rather camp up your Wikipedia with Comic Sans or Marker Felt.

Dictionary 2.0

Links Everywhere

While Wikipedia is rife with links already, Dictionary makes every word hyperlinked, as it does throughout the standard dictionary and thesaurus. That means any word that gets clicked upon pulls up its definition, synonyms, and a new Wikipedia article (if one exists). This makes Dictionary an excellent resource for quickly spelunking around the English language, or in Japanese, or wading through one of the many other languages in Wikipedia.

While individual dictionary files in Tiger were just a big blob of a file saved under Library/Dictionaries, Leopard organizes them into exposed folders of graphics, xml, and css that suggest it would be simple to develop and distribute new specialized glossaries and reference works in other languages for use in Dictionary.

Will Dictionary eventually incorporate product manuals and Unix man pages the way NeXT's Digital Librarian did? Will it open up the ability to tap into other online reference works in a manner similar to Wikipedia? There's certainly room for growth, but Leopard's Dictionary already delivers a lot of practical innovation in the rather sleepy corner of library reference works.

Parents might feel there's too much information available in Dictionary 2.0; the new Parental Controls feature in System Preferences allows you to block access to profanity, which includes "slang or colorful expletives." Dictionary's help pages note that "terms are identified as inappropriate by the publisher of a source."

Dictionary 2.0

Dictionary 2.0 gets in the last word for Mac OS X Leopard. So when will it make it to the iPhone?

http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/07/10/04/road_to_mac_os_x_leopard_dictionary_2_0.html

The Dictionary of Disorder

2007-11-03T03:26:00.000-07:00

In the mid-nineteen-forties, Robert Spitzer, a mathematically minded boy of fifteen, began weekly sessions of Reichian psychotherapy. Wilhelm Reich was an Austrian psychoanalyst and a student of Sigmund Freud who, among other things, had marketed a device that he called the orgone accumulator—an iron appliance, the size of a telephone booth, that he claimed could both enhance sexual powers and cure cancer. Spitzer had asked his parents for permission to try Reichian analysis, but his parents had refused—they thought it was a sham—and so he decided to go to the sessions in secret. He paid five dollars a week to a therapist on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, a young man willing to talk frankly about the single most compelling issue Spitzer had yet encountered: women. Spitzer found this methodical approach to the enigma of attraction both soothing and invigorating. The real draw of the therapy, however, was that it greatly reduced Spitzer’s anxieties about his troubled family life: his mother was a “professional patient” who cried continuously, and his father was cold and remote. Spitzer, unfortunately, had inherited his mother’s unruly inner life and his father’s repressed affect; though he often found himself overpowered by emotion, he was somehow unable to express his feelings. The sessions helped him, as he says, “become alive,” and he always looked back on them with fondness. It was this experience that confirmed what would become his guiding principle: the best way to master the wilderness of emotion was through systematic study and analysis.

Robert Spitzer isn’t widely known outside the field of mental health, but he is, without question, one of the most influential psychiatrists of the twentieth century. It was Spitzer who took the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—the official listing of all mental diseases recognized by the American Psychiatric Association (A.P.A.)—and established it as a scientific instrument of enormous power. Because insurance companies now require a DSM diagnosis for reimbursement, the manual is mandatory for any mental-health professional seeking compensation. It’s also used by the court system to help determine insanity, by social-services agencies, schools, prisons, governments, and, occasionally, as a plot device on “The Sopranos.” This magnitude of cultural authority, however, is a relatively recent phenomenon. Although the DSM was first published in 1952 and a second edition (DSM-II) came out in 1968, early versions of the document were largely ignored. Spitzer began work on the third version (DSM-III) in 1974, when the manual was a spiral-bound paperback of a hundred and fifty pages. It provided cursory descriptions of about a hundred mental disorders, and was sold primarily to large state mental institutions, for three dollars and fifty cents. Under Spitzer’s direction—which lasted through the DSM-III, published in 1980, and the DSM-IIIR (“R” for “revision”), published in 1987—both the girth of the DSM and its stature substantially increased. It is now nine hundred pages, defines close to three hundred mental illnesses, and sells hundreds of thousands of copies, at eighty-three dollars each. But a mere description of the physical evolution of the DSM doesn’t fully capture what Spitzer was able to accomplish. In the course of defining more than a hundred mental diseases, he not only revolutionized the practice of psychiatry but also gave people all over the United States a new language with which to interpret their daily experiences and tame the anarchy of their emotional lives.

* from the issue
* cartoon bank
* e-mail this

The Biometrics Department of the New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center is situated in an imposing neo-Gothic building on West 168th Street. I met Spitzer in the lobby, a sparsely decorated and strangely silent place that doesn’t seem to get much use. Spitzer, a tall, thin man with well-cut clothes and a light step, was brought up on the Upper West Side. He is in his seventies but seems much younger; his graying hair is dyed a deep shade of brown. He has worked at Columbia for more than forty years, and his office is filled with the debris of decades. Calligraphed certificates with seals of red and gold cover the walls, and his desk is overwhelmed by paper.

Spitzer first came to the university as a resident and student at the Columbia Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research, after graduating from N.Y.U. School of Medicine in 1957. He had had a brilliant medical-school career, publishing in professional journals a series of well-received papers about childhood schizophrenia and reading disabilities. He had also established himself outside the academy, by helping to discredit his erstwhile hero Reich. In addition to his weekly sessions on the Lower East Side, the teen-age Spitzer had persuaded another Reichian doctor to give him free access to an orgone accumulator, and he spent many hours sitting hopefully on the booth’s tiny stool, absorbing healing orgone energy, to no obvious avail. In time, he became disillusioned, and in college he wrote a paper critical of the therapy, which was consulted by the Food and Drug Administration when they later prosecuted Reich for fraud.

At Columbia Psychoanalytic, however, Spitzer’s career faltered. Psychoanalysis was too abstract, too theoretical, and somehow his patients rarely seemed to improve. “I was always unsure that I was being helpful, and I was uncomfortable with not knowing what to do with their messiness,” he told me. “I don’t think I was uncomfortable listening and empathizing—I just didn’t know what the hell to do.” Spitzer managed to graduate, and secured a position as an instructor in the psychiatry department (he has held some version of the job ever since), but he is a man of tremendous drive and ambition—also a devoted contrarian—and he found teaching intellectually limiting. For satisfaction, he turned to research. He worked on depression and on diagnostic interview techniques, but neither line of inquiry produced the radical innovation or epic discovery that he would need to make his name.

http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/01/03/050103fa_fact

Dictionary of National Biography

2007-11-02T04:08:00.000-07:00

Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary

2007-11-02T04:07:00.000-07:00

Wikipedia is not a dictionary, or a slang, jargon, or usage guide. The goal of this project is to create an encyclopedia. Our sibling project Wiktionary has the goal of creating a dictionary. It is the "lexical companion to Wikipedia", and the two often link to each other. Wiktionary welcomes all editors who wish to write a dictionary.

Both dictionary articles at Wiktionary and encyclopedia articles at Wikipedia start out as stubs — stub dictionary articles on Wiktionary and stub encyclopedia articles on Wikipedia. However, the full articles that the stubs grow into are very different. One perennial source of confusion is that a stub encyclopedia article looks very much like a stub dictionary article, and stubs are often poorly written. Another perennial source of confusion is that some paper dictionaries, such as "pocket" dictionaries, lead editors to the mistaken belief that dictionary articles are short, and that short article and dictionary article are therefore equivalent.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_a_dictionary

'Bling Bling' Added To Oxford English Dictionary

2007-11-02T04:03:00.000-07:00

A Dictionary of Orthodox Terminology - Part 1

2007-11-02T04:01:00.000-07:00

Abbess. (from masc. abbot; Gr. Hegoumeni). The female superior of a community of nuns appointed by a bishop; Mother Superior. She has general authority over her community and nunnery under the supervision of a bishop.

Abbot. (from Aram. abba, father; Gr. Hegoumenos, Sl. Nastoyatel). The head of a monastic community or monastery, appointed by abishop or elected by the members of the community. He has ordinary jurisdiction and authority over his monastery, serving in particular as spiritual father and guiding the members of his community.

Abstinence. (Gr. Nisteia). A penitential practice consisting of voluntary deprivation of certain foods for religious reasons. In the Orthodox Church, days of abstinence are observed on Wednesdays and Fridays, or other specific periods, such as the Great Lent (see fasting).

Acolyte. The follower of a priest; a person assisting the priest in church ceremonies or services. In the early Church, the acolytes were adults; today, however, his duties are performed by children (altar boys).

Aër. (Sl. Vozdukh). The largest of the three veils used for covering the paten and the chalice during or after the Eucharist. It represents the shroud of Christ. When the creed is read, the priest shakes it over the chalice, symbolizing the descent of the Holy Spirit.

Affinity. (Gr. Syngeneia). The spiritual relationship existing between an individual and his spouse's relatives, or most especially between godparents and godchildren. The Orthodox Church considers affinity an impediment to marriage.

Agape. (Gr. "Love"). Feast of love; the common meal of fellowship eaten in gatherings of the early Christians (1 Cor. 11: 20-34). Agape is also the name of the Easter Vespers Service held in the early afternoon on Easter day. The faithful express their brotherly love and exchange the kiss of love honoring the resurrected Christ.

Age of Reason. This is the time in life when an individual begins to distinguish between right and wrong and becomes morally responsible for himself. It is considered to begin at the age of seven or so, and no later than twelve.

Agnets. (see lamb).

Agrapha. (Gr. verbal words; not written). Sayings or deeds of Christ which were never written or recorded in the Gospels (cf. John 21:25).

Akathistos Hymn. A hymn of praise comprised of twenty-four stanzas and sung at the Salutation Services, dedicated to Virgin Mary Theotokos. It is divided into four parts, one part sung on each Friday of the Great Lent. On the fifth Friday, the entire set is sung in commemoration of a miracle by the Virgin in Constantinople (626 A.D.). The hymn is also known as "Salutations" (Gr. Heretismoi).

Alb. (Lat.; Gr. stichari[on]; Sl. Podriznik). The long white undergarment of the clergy, with close sleeves, worn under the chasuble or the sakkos.

All-Saints Sunday. (Gr. Agion Panton). A feast day of the Orthodox Church collectively commemorating all the Saints of the church who have remained anonymous. This feast day is celebrated on the Sunday following Pentecost.

Alpha-Omega. The first and the last letters of the Greek alphabet, symbolizing "the beginning and the end," or the divinity and eternity of Christ. (Rev. 1: 8). These two letters also form the monogram of Christ.

Altar. (Hebr. "a place of sacrifice;" Gr. hieron; Sl. prestol). In Orthodox architecture the term signifies the area of the sanctuary divided from the rest of the church by the iconostasis.

Altar Bread. (see Prosphoro).

Altar Table. (Gr. Hagia Trapeza; Sl. Prestol). The square table in the middle of the altar, made of wood or marble, on which the Eucharist is offered. It is dressed with the "Altar Cloth," and contains the relics deposited there by the consecrating bishop. The center of the table is occupied by the folded Antiminsion, on which the ceremonial gospel book is placed, and behind it is the tabernacle with the "reserved gifts."

Ambon. (see pulpit).

Amnos. (see lamb).

Analogion. (Gr.-Sl. analoy). A wooden stand or podium placed on the right side of the soleas near the south door of the altar. Usually with a sloped top, it is used as a stand for the gospel book or icon.

Anathema. (Gr. a curse, suspension). The spiritual suspension with which the church may expel a person from her community for various reasons, especially denial of the faith or other mortal sins. The church also may proclaim an anathema against the enemies of the faith, such as heretics and traitors, in a special service conducted on the Sunday of Orthodoxy (first Sunday of Lent).

Anchorite. (Gr. Anachoritis, "a departurer"). A solitary monk or hermit; an individual who withdraws from society and lives a solitary life of silence and prayer.

Angels. (Gr. Angelos, "messenger"). Bodiless beings, purely spirits, created by God before man. They are superior in nature and intelligence to man; and, like man, they have understanding and free will. Some of them are appointed to guard the faithful (guardian angels). Angels are grouped in nine orders (tagmata) as follows: Angels; Archangels; Principalities; Powers; Virtues; Dominations; Thrones; Cherubim; Seraphim. In the Orthodox worship, every Monday is dedicated to the angels.

Annunciation. (Gr. Evangelismos). A feast of the Orthodox Church (March 25) commemorating the visit of Archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary "to announce" that she was chosen to be the Mother of God (Luke 1: 26-33).

Anteri. (see cassock).

Antidoron. (Gr. "instead of the gift"). A small piece of the altar bread ( prosphoron) distributed to the faithful after the celebration of the Eucharist. Originally it was given to those who could not take communion, but it became a practice for it to be offered to all the faithful.

Antimens or Antiminsion. (Gr. and Lat. compounds "in place of a table;" Sl. Antimins). It is a rectangular piece of cloth, of linen or silk, with representations of the entombment of Christ, the four Evangelists, and scriptural passages related to the Eucharist. The antimens must be consecrated by the head of the church (a Patriarch or Archbishop) and always lie on the Altar Table. No sacrament, especially the Divine Liturgy, can be performed without a consecrated antimens.

Antiphon. (Gr. "alternate utterance or chanting")

1. A short verse from the scriptures, especially the psalms, sung or recited in the liturgy and other church services.
2.
Any verse or hymn sung or recited by one part of the choir or chanters in response to another part.

Apocrypha. (Gr. "hidden or secret"). Some of the books of the Bible not accepted by all denominations of Christians as true and divinely inspired. Some of them were written much later but attributed to important individuals of the apostolic times, thus bearing a misleading title (pseudepigrapha).

Apodosis. (Gr., Sl. Otdanive). The "octave-day" of a feast day which lasts more than one day and usually occurs eight days after the actual feast day. The Apodosis of Easter occurs after forty days, on the eve of the Ascension.

Apologetics. (Gr. "defenders").

1. The individuals and saints who defended the faith and the Church by their ability to present, explain, and justify their faith.
2. The theological science and art of presenting, explaining and justifying the reasonableness of the Christian faith.

Apolytikion. (Gr. "dismissal"). The dismissal hymn in honor of a saint, Christ, or the Virgin Mary on the occasion of their feast day, especially at the end of the Vespers Service.

Apostolic Canons. A collection of eighty-five decrees of ecclesiastical importance, referring mainly to ordination and the discipline of the clergy. The church believes that they were originally written by the Apostolic fathers.

Apostolic Fathers. Men who lived during the first century of Christianity, for the most part the disciples of the Apostles; their teachings and writings are of great spiritual value to Christians. Major fathers are St. Ignatius of Antioch, St. Polycarp of Smyrna, St. Clement of Rome and the unknown author of Didache.

Apostolic Succession. The direct, continuous, and unbroken line of succession transmitted to the bishops of the Church by the Apostles. The bishops, who form a collective body (that is the leadership of the Church), are considered to be successors of the Apostles; and, consequently, the duties and powers given to the Apostles by Christ are transmitted through "the laying-on-of-hands" to the bishops and priests who succeeded them by ordination (cheirotonia) to priesthood.

Archangels. An Angelic order of angels of higher rank. The names of two archangels, Michael and Gabriel, are known (feast day on November 8); they are also known as "leaders of the angelic armies" (taxiarchai).

Archbishop. A head bishop, usually in charge of a large ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese (see Metropolitan).

Archdeacon. A senior deacon, usually serving with a bishop of higher rank (Archbishop or Patriarch).

Archdiocese. An ecclesiastical jurisdiction, usually a metropolis headed by an Archbishop.

Archimandrite. (Gr. "head of the flock or cloister"). A celibate presbyter of high rank assisting the bishop or appointed abbot in a monastery. In the Russian tradition some Archimandrites have the right to wear the mitre and the mantle (mitrophoros).

Armenian Church. A monophysite denomination which broke from the Orthodox Church in the fifth century (451 A.D.). Communities which belong to the Armenian Church exist in the United States and other parts of the world.

Artoclasia. (see Vespers).

Ascension. A movable feast day, forty days after Easter, commemorating the ascension of Christ into Heaven from the Mount of Olives (Acts, 1: 12).

Ascetic. (Gr. "one who practices [spiritual] exercises"). Monks who have accepted a monastic life and intensively practice self discipline, meditation, and self-denial, motivated by love of God.

Ascetic Theology. A theological field studying the teachings and the writings of the ascetics of the Church (see also mysticism).

Assumption or Dormition. A feast day (August 15) commemorating the "falling asleep" (koimisis) of the Virgin Mary.

Asterisk. (Gr. "little stars;" Sl. Zvezditsa). A sacred vessel having two arched metal bands held together in such a fashion as to form the shape of a cross. It is placed on the paten and serves to prevent the veil from touching the particles of the Eucharist.

Atheism. (Gr. "godlessness"). Denial of the existence of God. An atheist accepts only the material and physical world or what can be proven by reason.

Atonement. (Gr. exilasmos). The redemptive activity of Christ in reconciling man to God. The Orthodox believe that Christ, through His death upon the cross, atoned or paid for human sins.

Autocephalous. (Gr. "appointing its own leader"). The status of an Orthodox church which is self-governed and also has the authority to elect or appoint its own leader or head (cephale).

Autonomy. (Gr. "self-rule"). The status of an Orthodox Church that is self-ruled. An autonomous church is governed by its prelate, who is chosen by a superior jurisdiction, usually by a patriarchate).

Axios. (Gr. "worthy"). An exclamation made at ordination to signify the worthiness of the individual chosen to become a clergyman.

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Baptism. (Gr. "immersion into water for purification)". A sacrament instituted by Christ Himself, this is the regeneration "of water and the spirit" (John 3:5). An Orthodox baptism is administered by the priest (in case of absolute emergency, however, by a layman (aerobaptismos)) through three complete immersions and by pronouncing the individual's name along with the name of the Trinity, "the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Amen" Chrismation follows immediately after baptism.

Baptismal Font. (see kolymbethra).

Baptismal Garments. (Gr. Fotikia or baptisika; Sl. krizhma). The garments brought by the godparent to dress the infant immediately after the immersion in Baptism. In Orthodoxy, these garments are considered sacred and must be either kept safely or destroyed by fire.

Baptismal Name. (Gr. onoma). The individual's name given in baptism, commonly the name of a saint, who becomes the individual's Patron Saint. The baptismal names of the first-born are usually those of their grandparents.

Baptistry. A special room or area in the form a pool for baptizing in the ancient Church. Gradually it was replaced by the baptismal font (see kolymbethra).

Beatitudes. (Gr. Makarismoi ).

1.
Blessings promised to individuals for various reasons.
2.
The eight blessings given by Christ at his Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5: 3-12).
3.
Salutation addressed to an Orthodox Patriarch ("Your Beatitude").

Benediction. (Lat. "blessings to glorify God"). The closing blessing offered by a clergyman at the end of a service or other activity.

Bigamy. (Gr. Digamia). The act of contracting a new marriage while a previous one is still binding, an act forbidden by the Orthodox Church.

Bishop. (Gr. Episkopos, Archiereas). A clergyman who has received the highest of the sacred orders. A bishop must be ordained by at least three other bishops and is considered a successor of the Apostles.

Blasphemy. Evil and reproachful language directed at God, the Virgin, the Saints or sacred objects. The blasphemy against the Holy Spirit is a mortal and unforgivable sin, because it presumes that God's saving action in this particular case is impossible. (cf. Matt. 12: 31).

Burial. (Gr. Taphe; Sl. Pogrebeniye). The act of interment of the dead body of one of the faithful in consecrated ground, according to the appropriate Orthodox rites and service of burial (Nekrosimos). The Church may deny an Orthodox burial to those who have committed a mortal sin such as blasphemy, suicide, denial of faith, or acceptance of cremation.

Byzantine. Referring or attributed to Byzantium, the ancient Greek city on the Bosporus, which later (331 A.D.) became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, and then of the Medieval Greek Empire of Constantinople. Its people are known as Byzantines and its cultural heritage as Byzantine (i.e., Byzantine art, the Empire, church, architecture, music, etc.).

Byzantine rite.

1.
Performing church services according to the Eastern Orthodox tradition.
2.
Christians who belong to Roman Catholic jurisdictions and accept its beliefs, but follow the customs of the Greek Orthodox Church, celebrating the liturgy in Greek, Slavonic or in their native language, but in the Orthodox fashion.

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Calendar. (Gr. Hemerologion). The yearly system determining the Orthodox holidays and hours. The Orthodox year begins on September 1. Since all feasts were arranged according to the Julian (old) Calendar, many Orthodox churches follow it to the present day, while other Orthodox churches have adopted the Gregorian (new) Calendar (since 1924). See also the article on the Calendar of the Orthodox Church.

Candles. (Gr. Keri[on]). Candles made of beeswax are used in the Orthodox Church as a form of sacrifice and devotion to God or Saints. They are used in various Orthodox services and ceremonies and are symbolic of Christ, who is "the Light of the World." According to a different symbolism, the two elements of a candle represent the two natures of Christ: the Divine (the burning wick) and the Human (the wax body).

Canon. (Gr. "rule, measure, standard").

1. The Canon of the scriptures or the official list of books recognized by the church as genuine and inspired by God.
2. The Canon of Matins (a collection of hymns consisting of nine odes, the Heirmos, and sung at the Matins Service, the Orthros).
3. The Liturgical Canon which refers to all liturgical material, including the Creed, used for the Liturgy and the consecration of the Eucharist. (see also kanon and Typikon).

Canonization. The official declaration by the Church that a deceased Christian of attested virtue is a saint, to be honored as such, and worth of imitation by the faithful.

Canons . (or Canon Law ). The law of the church, containing the various rules, ecclesiastical decrees and definitions concerning the faith or the life style of Orthodox Christians. The Canons generally provide for all administrative or disciplinary questions that might arise in the Church, and, consequently, are not infallible but can be changed or re-interpreted by an Ecumenical Council. See also the article on the Canon Law of the Orthodox Church.

Capital Sin (or Mortal or Deadly sin). Great offenses against God, or moral faults which, if habitual, could result in the spiritual death of the individual. The following sins are considered to be mortal: pride, covetousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy and sloth: they are the "Seven Deadly Sins" of the phrase.

Cassock. (Gr. Raso; Sl. ryassa). The long black garment with large sleeves worn by the Orthodox clergy as their distinct attire. Another such cassock with narrow sleeves (Gr. Anteri; Sl. Podrasnik) is worn under the cassock. It symbolizes the death of a clergyman to this world, and his burial and subsequent dedication to God and his heavenly kingdom.

Catechism. A summary of doctrine and instruction, teaching the Orthodox faith in the form of questions and answers. The catechetical or Sunday school of each parish is responsible for such instruction of children or other faithful.

Catechumen. (Gr. "those who learn the faith"). A convert to Christianity in the early church, who received instructions in Christianity, but was not yet baptized. Catechumens were permitted to attend the first part of the Eucharist (Liturgy of the Catechumens), but were dismissed before the Consecration of the Gifts.

Cathedral. (Gr. "the main chair"). The principal church of a bishop's jurisdiction, the chief church in every diocese.

Catholic. (Gr. "universal, concerning the whole;" Sl. Sobomaya). A term describing the universality of the Christian message, claimed to be exclusively theirs by the Orthodox Church. However, in the West, it has come to mean the Roman Catholic church (v. Eastern Orthodox Church).

Celibacy. The unmarried state of life. Unlike the Roman Church, Orthodoxy permits a clergyman to be married; however, his marriage must occur before the ordination to a deacon or presbyter. Orthodox bishops are only chosen from the celibate clergy, but widowers, who have accepted monastic vows, may also be chosen.

Censer. (Gr. Thymiato; Sl. kadillo). A metal vessel hung on chains, used in church ceremonies for burning incense. There are twelve small bells attached to the chains, representing the message of the twelve Apostles.

Chalice. (Gr. Potirion; Sl. Vozduh). A large cup of silver or gold, with a long-stemmed base, used for the Eucharist. It is one of the most sacred vessels of the church and is handled only by the clergy.

Chancellor. (Gr. Protosyngelos). The chief administrator and church notary in a diocese or archdiocese. He is the immediate administrative assistant to the bishop, and handles all records, certificates, and ecclesiastical documents of his jurisdiction.

Chant. (Gr. echos; Sl. glas). The music proper to the Orthodox services. There are eight tones or modes in the Orthodox Byzantine chant, chanted by the chanters or cantors.

Chanter. (Gr. Psaltis). A lay person who assists the priest by chanting the responses and hymns in the services or sacraments of the church. Today chanters have been replaced to some extent by choirs.

Chapel. (Gr. Parekklisi[on]; Sl. Chasovnya). A side altar attached to a larger church or a small building or room built exclusively or arranged for the worship of God. A chapel can belong either to an individual, an institution, or can be part of a parish church.

Chasuble. (Gr. feloni[on]; Sl. felon). A sleeveless garment worn by the presbyter in the celebration of the liturgy. Short in front, with an elongated back, and an opening for the head, it is one of the most ancient vestments of the Church, symbolizing the seamless coat of Christ.

Chatjis. (see Hatjis).

Cherubic Hymn. (Gr. "the song of the angels"). Liturgical hymn sung after the Gospel-reading and during the Great Entrance. Its text in English is as follows:

"We, who mystically represent the Cherubim, And chant the thrice-holy hymn to the Life-giving Trinity, Let us set aside the cares of life That we may receive the King of all, Who comes invisibly escorted by the Divine Hosts."

Chrism. (Gr. Myrron). Sanctified oil composed of several ingredients and fragrances, used in the sacrament of Chrismation (after Baptism). The Holy Chrism in the Orthodox Church is exclusively prepared by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, blessed in a series of preparations and ceremonies. Holy Thursday is customarily the day of its consecration.

Chrismation. (see Baptism and Chrism).

See also the articles on:

The Sacraments
The Sacramental Life of the Orthodox Church

Chrisom. (Gr. Ladopano; Sl. knzhma). A piece of white linen for the wrapping of the infant after Baptism. The Orthodox preserve it as a sacred object, since it signifies the purity and holiness of the baptized Christian.

Christology. A subject or field of dogmatic theology examining the belief of the church and the history of beliefs about Christ.

Churching. (Gr. Sarantismos). A service of thanksgiving and blessing of women after childbirth. In the Orthodox church, this rite is performed on the fortieth day after birth and is reminiscent of the Old Testament ceremony of purification (Lev. 12: 2-8) and the presentation of Jesus at the Temple (Luke 2: 22-29).

Communion . (Gr. koinonia). The receiving of the sacrament of the Eucharist after proper preparation, fasting, and confession. Orthodox Christians are encouraged to receive communion as often as possible, even daily.

See also the article on

The Holy Eucharist

Communion of Saints . The Orthodox Church believes that all the people of God - members of the Church, either the living on earth or the departed in heaven, are in constant communion and fellowship with each other in faith, grace and prayers, since they constitute one Body in Christ - the Church.

Compline. (Gr. Apodeipnon; Sl. Velikoye PovecheAye). A woship service performed after dusk. It is often combined with Vespers, to form an all-night vigil. There is a Great Compline and its abridgement, known as Little Compline.

Confession. (Gr. Exomologisis). The act of confessing or acknowledgment of sins by an individual before God in the presence of a priest, who serves as a spiritual guide and confessor (pneumatikos) authorized to ask for forgiveness and to administer a penance.

Confessor.

1. Pneumatikos (see confession).
2. A person who defended and publicly confessed the Faith, thereby exposing himself to persecution (Homologetis).

Consecration. (Gr. Heirotonia). The ordination of an individual to priesthood through the sacrament of Holy Orders.

Consecration of a Church. (see Engainia).

Council, Ecumenical. (Gr. Synodos; Sl. Sobor). Assembly of representatives from all church jurisdictions convoked for the settlement of ecclesiastical or doctrinal problems and disputes. The Orthodox Church recognizes the following seven Ecumenical Councils:

1. Nicaea, in 325. Fathers present, 318. Condemned Arianism, defined divinity of Christ, and composed first part of Creed.
2. Constantinople, 381. Fathers, 180. Condemned Apollinarianism, defined divinity of Holy Spirit, and completed the Creed.
3. Ephesus, 431. Fathers, 200. Condemned Nestorianism and defined the term Theotokos.
4. Chalcedon, 451. Fathers, 630. Condemned Monophysitism.
5. Constantinople, 553. Fathers, 165. Condemned heretics and pagans.
6. Constantinople, 680. Fathers, 281. Condemned Monothelitism. The so-called Quinisext or in Trullo was held in Constantinople.
7. Constantinople (Trullo), 692 and regulated disciplinary matters to complete the Fifth and the Sixth Ecumenical Councils.
8. Nicaea, 787 (again in 843). Fathers, 350. Condemned Iconoclasm.

Crosier. (Gr. Ravdos or Pateritsa). The pastoral staff of a bishop, signifying his responsibilities and the authority by which he spiritually rules his flock.

Crowns. (Gr. Stephana). A metal crown or wreath made of cloth in the shape of lemon blossoms, with which the priest "crowns" the newlyweds during the sacrament of Matrimony. The crowns are white, signifying purity, and represent the power that is given to the newlyweds to become "king and queen" of their home.

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Deacon. (Gr. "assistant, servant"). The fist of the three orders of priesthood. A deacon is not permitted to perform the sacraments, but assists the bishop and the presbyter in the Eucharist and other services or ministries of the church.

Dean. (Gr. Proistamenos). An honorary title given to a presbyter; meaning:

1.
the senior priest in a cathedral of a diocese;
2.
the senior priest in a large parish;
3.
the head of the faculty in a theological seminary.

Deaconess. A pious lay woman assisting in the church as a caretaker or charity worker. The practice of using deaconesses in the Church was very ancient; however, it gradually disappeared.

Dikirotrikera. (Gr. "set of two and three candles"). A set of two candleholders, one double-branched candlestick and another triple-branched, both used by the bishop in blessing at the liturgy. The Dikeron (double candleholder) signifies the two natures of Christ, while the Trikeron (triple candleholder) signifies the Holy Trinity.

Diocese. (Gr. Episkopi). A town or fully organized church district under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction and pastoral direction of a bishop.

Diptychs. (Gr. "folding boards").

1.
Lists of names for living and dead, written on cardboard for their commemoration in the liturgy.
2.
An official roster of the names of the heads of Orthodox jurisdictions read during the liturgy by concelebrating bishops, or the head of an ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

Dismissal. (Gr. Apolysis; Sl. Otpust). The closing prayers and benediction, including the dismissal hymn (Apolytikion) in church service.

Dogma. Basic beliefs and truths contained in the Bible and the Holy Tradition of the Church as defined by the Ecumenical Councils and the Fathers of the Church. Dogma is studied by the field of dogmatic theology.

Dormition (see assumption).

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Eagle. (Gr. Dikephalos aitos; Sl. Orletz). Small circular rug or permanent design on the church's floor, presenting a double headed eagle with outstretched wings soaring over a city. It signifies the watchfulness and authority of the bishop over his diocese. The double-headed eagle was also the symbol of the Byzantine Empire.

Easter. (Gr. Pascha or Lambri). The feast day of the resurrection of Christ, known also as "the Feast of Feasts." It is the greatest Orthodox festival, celebrated the Sunday following the first full moon after the Spring equinox. It is a movable feast and the dates of the other movable feasts of the Orthodox Church are calculated from it.

Ecclesia. (Gr. "the gathering of the people").

1. The gathering of the faithful at the church for worship and fellowship;
2. the church where the liturgy is celebrated;
3. the Church as the Body of Christ.

Ecclesiastical. Whatever deals or pertains to Church and its life.

Ecclesiology. The branch of theology studying the nature, constitution, function, and membership of the Church.

Ecumenical Council. (see council).

Ecumenical Patriarchate . The "First Among Equals" of all the Orthodox autocephalous churches and was founded by St. Andrew the Apostle. Visit the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople home page for more information, historical notes, encyclicals, official documents, and photo and video galleries.

Ecumenism. The movement of Christian Churches toward a mutual understanding of their problems and the concept of unity and love willed by Christ.

Ektenial. (Gr. 'long" or "elongated"). Petitions or litanies used in Orthodox services, particularly in the liturgy. They refer to the world in general, peace, leadership and those in need. The response to an ektenial petition is: "Lord have mercy"

Encyclical. (Gr. "moving in a circle"; "circulating"). A letter by the head of an Orthodox jurisdiction (Archbishop or Patriarch) to those under his spiritual authority. The content of such a letter may vary but it must refer to specific administrative or spiritual topics concerning the faithful.

Engainia. (Gr. "blessing for renewal"). The ceremony of consecration of a new church, conducted only by a bishop. It is performed before the Eucharist, and it mainly consists of the washing of the Holy Table of the altar, the depositing of relics in it, and the blessing of the church icons.

Engolpion. (Gr. "upon the chest"). The bishop's medallion, usually of enamel and richly decorated with precious stones, hanging upon his chest and signifying his episcopal office.

Entrance. (Gr. Eisodos). The solemn procession of the celebrating clergy carrying the Gospel at the liturgy, after the antiphons (Small Entrance), and carrying the Holy Gifts during the chanting of the cherubic hymn (Great Entrance).

Epanokalymafko. The monastic black veil hanging over the back of the kalymafki of a celibate Orthodox clergyman, especially the prelate of a church (see kalymafki). Some Orthodox prelates of Slavic background wear white epanokalymafko.

Eparchy. (Gr. "province, region"). An ecclesiastical jurisdiction headed by a bishop, metropolitan, or archbishop.

Epigonation. (Gr. "on the knee;" Sl. Palitsa or Nabedrennik). An oblong or rhomboidal vestment (approx. 12 x 12 inches) suspended from the belt and hung over the right side above the knee of a clergyman of higher rank. It signifies the cloth used by Christ to wipe his disciples' feet before the Last Supper and also the sword of the Spirit, which is the Word of God.

Epiklesis. (Gr. Epiklesis) Special prayer or petition by the Priest to "invoke" or to call upon the Holy Spirit, in order that God's Grace will descend for the consecration of the Holy Gifts at the Eucharist.

Epiphany. (Gr. Theophania; Sl. Bogoyavleniye). The feast commemorating the baptism of Christ in the Orthodox Church (January 6), and celebrating the ''manifestation'' of God in the Holy Trinity.

Episkopos. (see bishop).

Epitaphios. (Gr. "on the tomb;" Sl. Plaschanitsa).

1. The winding sheet on which the dead body of Christ is sewn or painted, representing his shroud.
2. An ornamented bier representing the tomb of Christ. On God Friday the Epitaphios is placed on the bier, which is adorned with flowers, and is carried in a procession representing the funeral of Christ.
3. The special service on Good Friday evening commemorating the burial of Christ.

Epitrachelion. (Gr. "about the neck"). One of the most important vestments hanging from the neck down to the feet. An Orthodox priest must wear this particular vestment to perform a sacrament.

Equal to the Apostles. (Gr. Isapostolos). An honorary title given to saints such as St. Constantine and Sts. Cyril and Methodios for their missionary work in the Church.

Eschatology. (Gr. "the last things to happen). The theological field concerned with life after death, especially the 'last things," i.e., the state of the dead, the Second Coming of Christ, and the Final Judgment.

See also the Article on

The Dogmatic Tradition of the Orthodox Church

Eucharist. (see Communion)

Euchologion. (Gr. "the book of prayers;" Sl. Sluzhebnik). A liturgical book used by the clergy, containing the various services, sacraments and prayers required for the administration of sacraments and other ceremonies and services of the Church.

Evangelists. The authors of the Gospels (Evangelia) who, according to Church belief, were inspired by God in the writing of the Bible. The Evangelists are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. In the Orthodox Church they are symbolically represented by a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle respectively.

Exaposteilarion. (Gr. "dispatching'). A special hymn sung at Matins after the Canon. It refers to Christ's activity after the Resurrection, particularly His dispatching of the disciples to preach to the world.

Exapteryga. (Gr. "six-winged angels"). Metallic banners adorned with representations of angels carried at various processions of church services.

Exarch. (Gr. "representative with full authority"). The head of an ecclesiastical jurisdiction, usually an Archbishop, representing the head of the Church (i.e., Patriarch) in the administration of a national Church.

Excommunication. (Gr. Aphorismos). A penalty or censure by which a baptized individual is excluded from the communion and fellowship of the Church, for committing and remaining obstinate in certain mortal sins. Church members may excommunicate themselves by absence from the sacraments and by actions contrary to Church law.

Exorcism: See the article on exorcism in the Orthodox Church.

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Fanar. The Greek neighborhood of Constantinople (Istanbul) where the Ecumenical Patriarchate is situated.

Fasting. (see abstinence).

Fathers of the Church. (Gr. Pateres). Pious and educated individuals, most of them bishops, who lived during the first eight centuries of Christianity. They wrote extensively, taught, explained, and defended the faith of the Church. The most important Orthodox Fathers are: St. Basil the Great, St. Gregory of Nazianzus, St. Gregory of Nyssa, St. John Chrysostom, St. Athanasius the Great, St. Cyril of Alexandria, and St. John of Damascus.

Filioque. (Lat. "and from the Son"). Theological term referring to the procession of the Holy Spirit. Its insertion in the Creed by the Roman Church (1009 A.D.) became one of the main causes for the schism between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches.

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Guardian Angel. (Gr. Phylakas Angelos). The Orthodox believe that certain angels are appointed by God at baptism to guide and protect each faithful. A prayer of the Orthodox Liturgy asks for "an angel of Peace, a faithful guide and guardian of our soul and bodies."

God-parents. (Godfather, Gr. Nounos; Godmother, Gr. Nouna).Sponsors at Baptism and Chrismation taking the responsibility for the faith and spiritual development of the newly-born Christian. The Orthodox people highly regard the spiritual bond and relationship between godparents and their godchildren, and marriage between them is prohibited. (see affinity).

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Hagia Sophia . (Gr. Agia Sophia) The Cathedral of Constantinople in which the Ecumenical Patriarchs and Byzantine Emperors were enthroned. It is the greatest Orthodox church, dedicated to the Holy Wisdom of God. It was built by the emperor Justinian in the year 532 A.D.; its architecture is an outstanding example of the so-called Byzantine Orthodox order. Select this link to visit the web site on Hagia Sophia

Hagiography. (Gr. Hagiologia) The writings of the Church Fathers and the study of the lives of the saints. The Orthodox Church is a reservoir of such writings, which the faithful are urged to read for their spiritual growth and development.

Hatjis. (or Chatzis; fem. Hatjina; Ar. "pilgrim"). A title or name given to those who made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and were "baptized" in the Jordan River. Such a pilgrim may assume the title of Hatjis for the rest of his or her life. One also may attach this word before the baptismal name to produce a variation such as Hatji-Yiorgis or Hatji-Yiannis. Such names often become surnames, especially common among Greeks.

Hegoumenos. (see abbot).

Heresy. (Gr. "new and personal belief or idea"). The denial or rejection of a revealed dogma or belief accepted and professed by the Church. An individual who begins a heresy is a heretic and is excommunicated.

Heretismoi. (see Akathistos hymn).

Hermit. (see Anchorite).

Hesychasm. spiritual movement in the Byzantine Empire (fourteenth century) developed on Mount Athos, Greece. The term means "to be quiet" and signifies the system of spiritual development through meditation, contemplation and perfection to the degree of absolute union with God (theosis). It is one of the forms of Orthodox Mysticism and is still practiced in the Orthodox world.

Heterodoxy. Different, alien, and presumably false belief or teaching. The Orthodox Church describes as such all other Christian denominations

Hierarchy. The higher clergy or College of bishops who are assigned to rule over spiritual matters of the church.

Holy Water. (Gr. Agiasmos). Water blessed at the service of the "Great Blessing" on the feast day of Epiphany (Jan. 6) or on other occasions (Small Blessing). It is used for the blessing of people, as at Holy communion or for the blessing of things for their well being.

Holy Wisdom. (see Hagia Sophia).

Horologion. (Gr. "Book of the Hours;" Sl. Chasoslov). The Liturgical book containing the services and prayers of the different hours of the day, i.e., Compline, Matins, Vespers and the Office of the Hours (see hours).

Hours. In Orthodox monasteries, monks maintain special services for the main hours of the day. Each hour commemorates a special event, as follows:

1. First hour (6:00 A.M.): Thanksgiving for the new morning and prayer for a sinless day.
2. Third hour (9:00 A.M.): the descent of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost.
3. Sixth hour (12:00 noon): the nailing of Christ to the Cross.
4. Ninth hour (3:00 P.M.): the death of Christ.

http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article8049.asp

Helacyton gartleri

2007-11-02T03:59:00.000-07:00

The immortal remains of Henrietta Lacks.

When human body cells are removed and put into a cell culture, they weaken and die quickly, usually within about 50 divisions. Without the rest of the support structure—a heart, blood circulating, a digestive system and so-on—body cells can't survive. Body cells also age, so even if you were to simulate the body's environment in a test tube or petri dish, the cells would eventually perish anyway. The basic mortality of the cells reflect the basic mortality of the organism they comprise, which is why there's no fountain of youth or medicinal procedure that'll give you biological immortality.

There is, however, one human being who is biologically immortal on a technicality, and her name is Henrietta Lacks. In 1951 she showed up at John Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, complaining of blood spotting in her underwear. Samples were taken of her cervical tissue and sent to a lab for analysis, which came back with a diagnosis of cervical cancer.

The cancer was caused by the Human papillomavirus, which is a sexually transmitted disease. Most variants of this virus are harmless, but some are known to cause cervical cancer, as in Henrietta's case. After her diagnosis and before attempts to treat the disease with radium, another sample from the tumor was sent to George Gey, who was the head of tissue culture research at Hopkins. Gey discovered that the cells from Henrietta's tumor would not only survive and multiply outside of her body, but they didn't age either. These cells were basically immortal.

And they're still alive, even though Henrietta herself died of the cancer on October 4th, 1951. Now, HeLa cells are about as common in biological research as the lab rat and the petri dish, and are still being grown in an unbroken lineage from the cells originally harvested from Mrs. Lacks in 1951. They're used in cancer research because a scientist can perform experiments on them that otherwise couldn't be done on a living human being. They were also used in the development of the Polio vaccine, making Henrietta somewhat of a posthumous hero to millions.

But say you're a scientist looking at HeLa cells under a microscope. They live independently of the body they came from. They reproduce (faster even than other cancerous cells). They consume, excrete, and do everything an independent living organism usually does. A thousand years from now there will still be HeLa cells multiplying and living, even some of the original cells sampled from Mrs. Lacks, even though Henrietta Lacks herself has long since passed away. Is this a new species?

In 1991 the scientific community decided it was, and blessed HeLa cells with its own genus and species: Helacyton gartleri, named by Van Valen & Maiorana.

That would make Helacyton gartleri an example of speciation, which is when a new species is observed developing from another. In this case, the development is from a chordate (homo sapien) to something that's more like an ameoba (a cross-phylum mutation), giving us an animal with a mostly human genotype, but which does not develop into a human-like phenotype. Since this event occurred in nature when the papillomavirus transformed Henrietta's cells, and not in the laboratory, it's a strong piece of evidence supporting Evolution (although not one that suggests you could go from an ameoba to a chordate, which would probably take more than one mutation).

http://www.disenchanted.com/dis/lookup.html?node=1860

SLOVOED DICTIONARY Palm OS Software

2007-11-02T03:57:00.000-07:00

SLOVOED DICTIONARY for Symbian UIQ 3.0

2007-11-01T03:45:00.000-07:00

The 'for Symbian OS' logo* means SlovoEd for UIQ 3.0 by Epocware has been successfully tested in Symbian Signed. For more information visit www.symbiansigned.com.

SlovoEd Symbian UIQ 3.0 dictionary is the first software you should install after your purchase of a mobile phone.

Read, work, study and travel with a reliable dictionary in your pocket from the most distinguished language reference such as Merriam-Webster Inc., Van Dale Lexicografie BV, Larousse Editiorial, S.L., MAGENTA LTD, LingoMAXX, MediaLingua. Most dictionaries contain detailed information such as transcription, usage notes, grammatical information, lots of examples and color markup to satisfy all you needs.

Paragon Software SlovoEd dictionary engine is one of the most respected brands in the translation software industry. It has been top-ranked and best-selling solution since its initial release in 2000.

Easy-to-use interface, rapid access, precise translations and unique compression technology turn foreign language into almost native mother tongue.

SlovoEd dictionary engine was developed with active assistance and support from the world’s famous mobile phones brand Sony Ericsson. Elaborations of Paragon Company are always up-to-date. The release of the new dictionary is connected with the new Sony Ericsson devices entering the market. As soon as the new Sony Ericsson models are released SlovoEd would become a must for your smartphone.
SlovoEd Symbian UIQ 3.0 dictionaries offers you different functions and options

* Rapid access to database, low memory consumption due to unique compression technology that provides you with high data compression ratio (100,000 entries in 600 KB) to help you wisely manage your time
* Dictionary installation on memory cards to save main memory-space for another programs and applications
* Quick search of frequently used words from the 15 words list to see the translation for any word from the history again at any time

* Cross-lookup feature between articles and directions to check your comprehension
* Optional letter size and color markup to set customer interface in accordance with your taste
* Several dictionaries installation with the various languages choice (rapid switch amongst dictionaries available, dictionary activation/deactivation option)
* Get more from the SE dictionary by creating your own personal word database with the SlovoEd Studio utility and discover other SlovoEd features

Dictionary interface is available in English, French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish, Greek and Dutch.
SlovoEd Sony Ericsson UIQ 3.0 dictionary is available in three main editions:

SlovoEd DeLuxe includes the fullest and most detailed translation articles with usage samples, synonyms and antonyms, references and transcriptions and other important information and is an excellent solution for professional linguists, translators and advanced users.

SlovoEd Classic includes a considerable number of translations, an extended dictionary articles with basic references and will become an irreplaceable comprehensive assistant for business, travel and study.

SlovoEd Compact occupies minimal memory space on your device, includes the most common translations with clear, concise definitions and can be useful for language introduction during a journey abroad and ideal for advanced users’ reading needs.

http://www.penreader.com/uiq-3-software/SlovoEd.html